Ukukhangela kwi-silicon yesinsimbi
Insimbi ye-silicon yintsimbi eluhlaza kunye nefuthe enomsila esetyenziswayo ukwenza insimbi, iiseli zelanga kunye ne-microchips.
I-silicon yinto yesibini eyona nto ininzi kwihlabathi (emva kwe-oksijeni kuphela) kunye neyona nto yesibhozo eqhelekileyo kwindawo yonke. Enyanisweni, malunga neepesenti ezingama-30 zobunzima bomhlaba obunokubakho zibangelwa yi-silicon.
Inxalenye ene-athomu yesi-14 ngokwemvelo ivela kwiimaminerali ze-silicate, kuquka i-silika, i-feldspar, kunye ne-mica, eziyinxalenye enkulu yamatye aqhelekileyo njenge-quartz kunye ne-sandstone.
I-semi-metal (okanye i- metalloid ), i-silicon inemihlaba ethile yezinto zombini kunye nezisinyithi.
Njengamanzi - kodwa ngokungafani neensimbi zensimbi - iikontraki zikarhulumente kwaye zanda njengoko ziqinisa. Iqukethe amanqaku aphezulu kunye nendawo ebilisayo, kwaye xa i-crystallized yakha i-diamond cubic crystal structure.
Indima yendima ye-silicon njenge-semiconductor kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwikhompyutheni yindlela yokwakheka kwe-athomu, equka ii-electron ezine ezine-valence ezivumela i-silicon ukuba ihlangane nezinye izinto ngokukhawuleza.
Iipropati:
- I-Atomic Symbol: Si
- Inomic Number: 14
- Udidi lwe-Element: i-Metalloid
- Ubunzima: 2.329g / cm3
- I-Melting Point: 2577 ° F (1414 ° C)
- Indawo yokubilisa: 5909 ° F (3265 ° C)
- Ubunzima bukaMo: 7
Imbali:
I-chemist yaseSweden uJons Jacob Berzerlius ubizwa ngokuba yi-silicon yokuqala yokuzihlukanisa ngo-1823. UBerzerlius waphumelela oku ngokushushumbisa i-potassium yensimbi (eyayisetyenziswe iminyaka elishumi ngaphambili) kwi-crucible kunye ne-potassium fluorosilicate.
Isiphumo sasiyi-silicon yamorphous.
Ukwenza i-silicon ye-crystall, ke, yayidinga ixesha elide. Isampuli ye-electrolytic ye-crystalline silicon ayinakwenziwa enye emashumi amathathu eminyaka.
Ukusetyenziswa kokuqala kwentengiso ye-silicon kwakukho uhlobo lwe-ferrosilicon.
Ukulandela i- Henry Bessemer yoshishino lwe-metalmaking ephakathi kwangekhulu le-19, kwakukho umdla omkhulu kwi- metal metallurgy kunye nophando kwiinkqubo zokwenza i-steelmaking.
Ngethuba lokuqala lokuveliswa kwemveliso ye-ferrosilicon kuma-1880, ukubaluleka kwe-silicon ekuphuculeni ubuncwane kwihagu yensimbi kunye ne-deoxidizing iron kwakuqondwa kakuhle.
Ukuveliswa kokuqala kwe-ferrosilicon kwenziwe ngefayili ngokukhungula i-olicon-containing containing charcoal, okwakubangelwa i-pig iron iron, i-ferrosilicon ene-20% ye-silicon.
Ukuphuhliswa kweenkuni ze-arc ekuqaleni komnyaka we-20 akuvumelekanga kuphela ukuveliswa kwesimbi , kodwa kunye nokuveliswa kwe-ferrosilicon.
Ngowe-1903, iqela elikhethekileyo ekwenzeni i-ferroalloy (Compagnie Generate d'Electrochimie) yaqalisa ukusebenza eJamani, eFransi nase-Austria kwaye ngo-1907, isityalo sokuqala se-silicon e-US yasungulwa.
Ukwenza i-Steel kwakungesiyo kuphela isicelo se-silicon eyenziwa ngokuthengisa ngaphambi kokuphela kwekhulu le-19.
Ukuvelisa idayimane ezibonakalayo ngo-1890, uEdward Goodrich Acheson watshisa i-aluminium silicate kunye ne-coke ephuyiweyo kunye ne-silicon carbide.
Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva uAcheson wayenelungelo lobunikazi lokuvelisa indlela yakhe yokuvelisa kunye nokusekwa kweCarborundum Inkampani (carborundum ebizwa ngokuba yi-silicon carbide ngelo xesha) ngenjongo yokwenza nokuthengisa iimveliso ezinobungozi.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ii-silicon carbide eziphathekayo nazo zaye zazaliseka, kwaye i-compound yayisetyenziswe njengomtshini ekuqaleni kwee-radios. I-patent ye-silicon detectors detectors yanikwa uGW Pickard ngo-1906.
Ngomnyaka we-1907, i-diode yokuqala yokukhanyisa i-diode (i-LED) yadalwa ngokusebenzisa i-voltage kwi-silicon carbide crystal.
Ukusebenzisa i-silicon ye-1930 ukukhula kunye nokuphuhliswa kwemveliso yamachiza amatsha, kuquka i-silanes ne-silicones.
Ukukhula kweekhompyutheni kwangekhulu elidlulileyo kuye kwahlanganiswa ngokungahambi kakuhle kwi-silicon kunye neendawo zayo ezizodwa.
Ngexesha lokudalwa kwezinto zokuqala ezihamba phambili - ii-precursor ukuya kwi-microchips zamanje - ngo-1940 zithembele kwi- germanium , kwakungekho ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba i-silicon ithathe umntakwabo onqamle i-metalloid umntakwabo njengezinto ezihlala zihlala zingapheliyo ze-substrate semiconductor.
Iilebhu zeBell kunye neeTexas zeTexas zaqalisa ukuvelisa i-transistors e-silicon-based ngo-1954.
Ii-first silicon ezijikelezayo zijikelezwe ngama-1960 kwaye, ngowe-1970, iiprosesa eziqukethe i-silicon zaziye zaphuhliswa.
Njengoko iteknoloji ye-silicon-based semiconductor iteknoloji yakha umqolo wekhompyutha kunye nekhompyutha, akufanele simangaliswe ukuba sibhekise kwiziko lokusebenzela eli shishini njengeSilicon Valley.
(Ukujonga ngokubanzi kwimbali kunye nophuhliso lwe-Silicon Valley kunye ne-microchip teknoloji, ndincoma kakhulu i-American Experience documentary eneSihloko sase-Silicon Valley).
Kungekudala emva kokutyhila abaguquleli bokuqala, umsebenzi weBell Labs kunye ne-silicon yaholela ekuqhubeni okwesibini ngo-1954: I-cell yokuqala ye-silicon photovoltaic (ilanga).
Ngaphambi koku, ingcamango yokubambisa amandla elangeni ukudala amandla emhlabeni yayikholwa ukuba akunakwenzeka yinto eninzi. Kodwa emva kweminyaka emine kamva, ngowe-1958, i-satellite yokuqala eyayinikwe iisensi ze-silicon zelanga zazijikeleza umhlaba.
Ngama-1970, izicelo zorhwebo lwezobuchwepheshe belanga zazikhulile kwizicelo zasemhlabeni ezifana nokukhanyisa i-oil rigs kunye neendlela zokuhamba.
Kule minyaka engamashumi amabini adlulileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla alanga kuye kwanda kakhulu. Namhlanje, i-akhawunti ye-photovoltaic ubuchwepheshe be-silicon malunga neepesenti ezingama-90 zeemarike zamandla zelanga.
U ku velisa:
Uninzi lwe-silicon olulungiswayo ngonyaka - malunga neepesenti ezingama-80 - luveliswa njenge-ferrosilicon ekusebenziseni ngentsimbi kunye ne- steelmaking . I-Ferrosilicon ingaba neyiphi na phakathi kwe-15 ne-90 ye-asilicon yepesenti ngokuxhomekeka kwimfuno ye-smelter.
I- alloy yensimbi kunye ne-silicon ikhiqizwa usebenzisa isithando somlilo se-arc esezantsi ngokunciphisa ukunciphisa. I-olica i-ore ecebileyo kunye nomthombo wekhabhoni njenge-cooking coal (i-metallurgical charter) ichithwe kwaye ilayishwe kwisithandweni kunye ne-iron scrap.
Kwiqondo lokushisa ngaphaya kwe-1900 ° C (3450 ° F), i-carbon iyakhathazeka ne-oksijini ekhoyo kwi-ore, eyenza i-carbon monoxide gas. I-iron esele kunye ne-silicon, okwangoku, udibene kunye nokwenza i-ferrosilicon encibilikiweyo, enokuqokelela ngokubamba isiseko somlilo.
Xa sele selehlile kwaye lukhuni, i-ferrosilicon ingathunyelwa kwaye isetyenziswe ngokuchanekileyo kwimveliso yensimbi kunye nentsimbi.
Indlela efanayo, ngaphandle kokufakwa kwesinyithi, isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-silicon ye-metallurgical ibanga elingaphezulu kwama-99 ekhulwini. I-silicon ye-Metallurgical isetyenziswe kwi-metal smelting, kunye nokuveliswa kwe-aluminium kunye ne-silane chemicals.
I-silicon ye-Metallurgical ihlelwe ngamanqanaba angcolileyo yensimbi, i- aluminium kunye ne-calcium ekhoyo kwi-alloy. Ngokomzekelo, i-553 ye-silicon yensimbi iqulethe ngaphantsi kwe-0.5 ekhulwini nganye yensimbi kunye ne-aluminium, kunye ne-0.3% ye-calcium.
Phantse izigidi ezili-8 zeetrikriyoni ze-ferrosilicon ziveliswa minyaka yonke, kunye neChina eqikelelwa malunga neepesenti ezingama-70 zeli nani. Abavelisi abaninzi baquka i-Erdos Metallurgy Group, i-Ningxia Rongsheng Ferroalloy, i-Group OM ne-Elkem.
I-2.6 yezigidi zeetrikriyiti ze-silicon ye-metallurgical - okanye malunga neepesenti ezingama-20 zetsimbi ye-silicon ecocekileyo-iveliswa ngonyaka. I-China, kwakhona, ibandakanya malunga neepesenti ezingama-80 zalo mveliso.
Ukumangaliswa kwamaninzi kukuba i-akhawunti ye-solar kunye ne-elektroniki ye-silicon akhawunti nje encinci (ngaphantsi kweepesenti ezimbini) yazo yonke imveliso yokucoca i-silicon.
Ukuphucula kwi-silicon metal (i-polsilicon) ye-solar-grade ye-solar-grade (pursilicon), ukuhlanzeka kufuneka kwande ukuya phezulu kwe-99.9999% (6N) i-silicon ecocekileyo. Oku kwenziwa ngenye yeendlela ezintathu, eyona nto ibonakalayo yinkqubo ye-Siemens.
I-Siemens Inkqubo ibandakanya ukutshala kwe-chemical vapor of gas that is not known as trichlorosilane. Ngama-1150 ° C (2102 ° F) i-trichlorosilane icubungulwa phezu kwenani le-silicon elihlambulukileyo eliphakanyisiwe ekupheleni kwentonga. Njengoko idlulayo, i-silicon ecocekileyo ephuma kwi gesi ifakwe kwimbewu.
I-reactor yebhedi ye-Fluid (FBR) kunye nobugcisa be-metallurgical grade (UMG) yobugcisa be-silicon zisetyenziselwa ukukhulisa isinyithi kwi-polysilicon esifanelekayo kwishishini le-photovoltaic.
Ama-230 000 weetoni zombini ye-polysilicon yaveliswa ngo-2013. Abavelisi abahamba phambili baquka iGCL Poly, Wacker-Chemie, kunye ne-OCI.
Ekugqibeleni, ukwenza i-silicon ye-electronic grade ifanelekileyo kwimboni ye-semiconductor kunye nobuchwephesha obuthile bobuchwepheshe be-photovoltaic, i-polysilicon kufuneka iguqulwe kwi-silicon e-ultra-pure pure monocrystal ngeCzochralski.
Ukwenza oku, i-polysilicon iyancibilika kwi-crucible ngo-1425 ° C (2597 ° F) kwi-atmospheric emoyeni. Intonga iphakanyiswe i-crystal yintlobo idibaniswe kwisitye esityhidiweyo kwaye ijikeleze ngokukhawuleza kwaye isuswe, izinike ixesha lokuba i-silicon ikhule kwimpahla yezinto.
Umphumo obangelwayo yintonga (okanye ibhola) yensimbi ye-crystal yensimbi enokuthi iphezulu njengamaxabiso angama-99.999999999 (11N). Le ntonga ingaba ne-boron okanye i-phosphorous njengoko kufuneka ukuba iguqule iipropum ze-quantum eziyimfuneko njengoko zifunwa.
Intonga ye-monocrystal ingathunyelwa kubathengi njengokuba, okanye ityunyiwe kwiifers and polished okanye ifakwe kubasebenzisi abathile.
Izicelo:
Ngelixa i-tonic million zeetrikri ze-ferrosilicon kunye ne-silicon zensimbi zihlanjululwa rhoqo ngonyaka, ininzi ye-silicon esetyenziswa ngokurhweba ngokwenene iyindlela yemigodi ye-silicon, esetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kwezinto zonke kwi-samente, iifumbi kunye neekeramics, kwiglasi kunye polymers.
I-Ferrosilicon, njengoko kuphawuliwe, yindlela eqhelekileyo esetyenziswa ngayo i-silicon yensimbi. Ukususela ekusebenziseni kwayo yokuqala kwiminyaka engama-150 eyadlulayo, i-ferrosilicon isele i-agent ye-deoxidizing ebalulekileyo ekuveliseni i-carbon ne- stainless steel . Nanamhlanje, i-metal smelting ihlala iyona mthengi omkhulu kunazo zonke ze-ferrosilicon.
I-Ferrosilicon inomsebenzi ongaphantsi kwe-steelmaking, nangona kunjalo. I-pre-alloy ekuveliseni i- magnesium ferrosilicon, i-nodulizer esetyenziselwa ukuvelisa insimbi ye-ductile, kunye ne-Pidgeon kwinkqubo yokucoca i-magnesium yokuhlanzeka.
I-Ferrosilicon ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza ukushisa kunye ne-alloys ene-silicon ene-ferroous steel alloy kunye ne-silicon iron, esetyenziswa ekuveliseni i-electro-motors kunye ne-transformer cores.
I-silicon ye-Metallurgical ingasetyenziswa kwi-steelmaking kunye ne-alloying agent kwi-aluminium. Iinqwelo ze-aluminium-silicon (Al-Si) zilula kwaye zinamandla kunezinto ezisuka kwi-aluminium ecocekileyo. Izithuthi zeenqwelo-moya ezinjengeebhanki zeenjini kunye nezixhobo zokukhwela umbane ziyizona zindawo eziqhelekileyo eziphambili ze-aluminium ze-silicon.
Phantse isiqingatha sayo yonke i-silicon ye-metallurgical isetyenziswe yinkampani yeekhemikhali ukwenza i-silica efutshane (i-agent agent kunye ne-desiccant), i-silanes (i-agent agent) kunye ne-silicone (i-sealants, adhesives, kunye ne-lubricants).
I-polysilicon ye-Photovoltaic kwibakala isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekwenzeni i-polysilicon iiseli zelanga. Kuthatha malunga neetoni ezintlanu ze-polysilicon ukuba zenze i-megawatt enye yee modyuli zelanga.
Okwangoku, i-polysilicon iteknoloji yelanga yenza i-half-power of energy eyenziwa emhlabeni wonke, ngelixa ubuchwepheshe be-monosilicon bunceda malunga nama-35 ekhulwini. Iphelele, iipesenti ezingama-90 zamandla elanga asetyenziswa ngabantu ziqokelelwe ngeteknoloji-based based technology.
I-silicon yaseMonocrystal nayo yinto ebonakalayo ebonakalayo kwi-electronics. Njengempahla engezantsi esetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwezinto ezihamba phambili kwintsimi (ii-FETs), ii-LED kunye neesekethe ezidibeneyo, i-silicon inokufumaneka kuwo onke ama-computer, iifowuni, iipilisi, iithelevishini, ii-radios kunye nezinye izixhobo zonxibelelwano zanamhlanje.
Kuqikelelwa ukuba ngaphezulu kweyesithathu kwezixhobo zombane ziquka iteknoloji ye-silicon-based semiconductor.
Ekugqibeleni, i-alloy hard alloy silicon carbide isetyenziswe kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo zeekhompyutheni kunye nezingezizo zombane-elektroniki, kubandakanya ubucwebe bezinto zokwenza izinto, i-semiconductors ephezulu yokushisa, i-ceramics ezinzima, izixhobo zokusika, ii-disc, i-abrasive, i-bulletproof vests kunye nezinto zokufudumeza.
Imithombo:
Imbali emfutshane ye-Steel Alloying kunye ne-Ferroalloy Production.
URL: http://www.urm-company.com/images/docs/steel-alloying-history.pdf
Holappa, uLauri noSeppo Louhenkilpi. A
Ngomsebenzi we-Ferroalloys kwi-Steelmaking. NgoJuni 9-13, 2013. I-International Ferroalloys Congress. I-URL: http://www.pyrometallurgy.co.za/InfaconXIII/1083-Holappa.pdf
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