Fumana ulwazi kwi-Properties, History, Production, kunye nezicelo
I-Germanium yintsimbi engaqhelekanga, i-silver-shaped semiconductor isetyenziswe kwi-teknoloji ye-infrared, i-fiber optic, kunye neeseli zelanga.
Iipropati
- I-Atomic Symbol: Ge
- Inomic Number: 32
- Udidi lwe-Element: i-Metalloid
- Ubunzima: 5.323 g / cm3
- I-Melting Point: 1720.85 ° F (938.25 ° C)
- Indawo yokubilisa: 5131 ° F (2833 ° C)
- Ubunzima bukaMohs: 6.0
Iimpawu
Ngokwenene, i-germanium ifakwa njenge- metalloid okanye i-metal-metal. Omnye weqela lezinto eziphethe iipropati zombini nezinyithi.
Kwifomu yayo ye-metallic, i-germanium isiliva enemibala, nzima, kwaye ibuhlungu.
Iziganeko eziqhelekileyo zeGermanium ziquka ukubonakaliswa kwazo ngokusondeleko kwemisebe ye-electromagnetic radiation (kwiivelengths eziphakathi kwe-1600-1800 nanometers), isalathiso sayo esiphakamileyo sokurhafisa kunye nokusabalalisa kwe-optical low.
I-metalloid nayo ihamba ngokusemthethweni.
Imbali
UDemitri Mendeleev, uyise wetheyibhile yexesha, waxela ukuba kukho inamba ye-32, eyayibiza igama elithi ekasilicon , ngowe-1869. Iminyaka elishumi elinamnye kamva umkhuhlane uClemens A. Winkler wafumanisa kwaye wahlula loo nto kwi-argyrodite ye-mineral arrirodite engavumelekanga (Ag8GeS6). Wabiza iqela emva kwelizwe lakubo, eJamani.
Ngexesha le-1920s, uphando kwiipropati zombane ze-germanium zaphumela ekuphuhliseni ukuhlambuluka okukhulu, i-single-crystal germanium. I-germanium eyodwa-crystal yayisetyenziselwa ukubuyisela idiod e-receiver radar receiver ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II.
Isicelo sokuqala sentengiso se-germanium sabuya emva kwemfazwe, emva kokuveliswa kwabaguquleli nguJohn Bardeen, uWalter Brattain noWilliam Shockley eBell Labs ngoDisemba ka-1947.
Kwiminyaka elandelayo, abaguquli be-germanium abanolwazi bafumana indlela yabo yokusetyenziswa kweefowuni, iikhompyutha zemikhosi, izixhobo zokuvalelwa kunye namarediyo aphathekayo.
Izinto zaqala ukutshintsha emva ko-1954, nangona kunjalo, xa iTeal Gordon iTeas Instruments yakha i - transistor ye- silicon . I-Germanium transistors babe nethuba lokungaphumeleli kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu, ingxaki engasombululwa nge-silicon.
Kuze kufike iTyal, akukho mntu wakwazi ukuvelisa i-silicon ngokunyaniseka okwaneleyo ukutshintsha i-germanium, kodwa emva kwe-1954 i-silicon yatshintsha indawo ye-germanium kwi-transistors ye-elektroniki, kwaye phakathi kwe-1960, i-germanium transistors yayingekho.
Izicelo ezintsha zaza kuza. Impumelelo ye-germanium kwiintshukumo zangaphambili yabakhokelela kuphando olongezelelweyo kunye nokuzaliswa kwepropati ye-infrared ye-germanium. Ekugqibeleni, oku kwabangela ukuba i-metalloid isetyenziswe njengeqhosha le-infrared (IR) lens kunye neefestile.
I-Voyager yokuqala yokuvakasha kwendawo eyenziwa ngowe-1970 yayixhomekeke kumandla aqulunqwe ngamaseli e-silicon-germanium (SiGe) e-photovoltaic (PVCs). I-PVC esekelwe kwi-Germanium isabalulekile kwimisebenzi ye-satellite.
Uphuhliso nophuhliso lwee-fibre optic kuma-1990 lukhokelela ekunyusweni kwemfuno ye-germanium, esetyenziselwa ukwenza i-core core ye-fiber optic cables.
Ngo-2000, i-PVC kunye ne-diode ezikhanyayo (ii-LED) ezixhomekeke kwi-germanium substrates zaye zaba ngabaxhasi abakhulu bequmrhu.
U ku velisa
Njengentsimbi encinci, i-germanium ikhiqizwa njengemveliso yecandelo lokucocwa kwesinyithi kwaye ayigcinwanga njengezinto eziphambili.
I-Germanium idla ngokuqhelekileyo ukusuka kwi-sphalerite zinc ores kodwa iyaziwa ukuba ikhutshwe kwi-fly ash ash (iveliswe kwizityalo zamashanga amalahle) kunye nezinye izitye zethusi .
Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni umthombo wezinto eziphathekayo, zonke i-germanium concentrate zihlambulukiswa kuqala zisebenzisa i-chlorination kunye ne-distillation inkqubo eyenza i-germanium tetrachloride (GeCl4). I-Germanium tetrachloride i-hydrolyzed iyakhiwa, ivelise i-germanium dioxide (GeO2). I-oxide iyancitshiswa nge-hydrogen ukuze ifake i-germanium yenziwe i powder.
I-Germanium ipowder iphoswe kwimivalo kumaqondo okushisa ngaphaya kwama-1720.85 ° F (938.25 ° C).
Ukucocwa kommandla (inkqubo yokuqhaqhaza nokupholisa) imivalo ihlukanisa kwaye isuse ukungcola kwaye, ekugqibeleni, ivelise imilinganiselo ephezulu ye-germanium. Ushishino lwe-germanium zintsimbi kaninzi luba ngaphezu kwe-99.999% ecocekileyo.
I-germanium ehlanjululwayo yendawo ingaphinda ikhule ibe ngama-crystals, atyunyiwe ibe ngamaqhekeza amancinci ukuze asetyenziswe kuma-semiconductors kunye nama-optical lens.
Ukuveliswa kwemveliso ye-germanium kwakulinganiselwa yi-US Geological Survey (USGS) ibe ngama-tric 120 nge-2011 (iqulethe i-germanium).
Ingqikelelo ye-30% ye-germanium yemveliso yonyaka isetyenziswe kwakhona kwizinto eziphathekayo, ezifana nama-lens IR. Ingqikelelo engama-60% ye-germanium esetyenziswe kwiisistim ze-IR ibuye isetyenziswe kwakhona.
Iyona nto inkulu kakhulu ye-germanium yokuvelisa iintlanga iholwa yi-China, apho i-thirds of all germanium yaveliswa ngo-2011. Abanye abakhiqizi abaziintloko baquka iKhanada, iRashiya, i-USA kunye neBelgium.
Abakhiqizi abakhulu be-germanium baquka uTeck Resources Ltd. , Yunnan Lincang Xinyuan Germanium Industrial Co., i-Umicore kunye neNanjing Germanium Co.
Izicelo
Ngokutsho kwe-USGS, izicelo ze-germanium zingabalwa ngamaqela ama-5 (elandelwa ngumyinge wepesenti yokusetyenziswa kwayo):
- I-optics ye-IR - 30%
- I-Fiber Optics - 20%
- I-polyethylene terephthalate (PET) - 20%
- Umbane kunye ne-solar - 15%
- I-Phosphors, i-metallurgy kunye ne-organic-5%
I-Germanium crystals ikhulile kwaye yenziwe ibe lens kunye newindow ye-IR okanye iinkqubo ezisebusweni zokucabangela i-imaging. Phantse kwisiqingatha sazo zonke iinkqubo, ezixhomeke kakhulu kwimfuno yempi, ziquka i-germanium.
Iinkqubo zibandakanya izixhobo ezincinci eziphethwe ngesandla kunye nezixhobo, kunye nomoya, umhlaba, kunye neenkqubo ezikhutshwe ngezithuthi. Kuye kwenziwa imizamo yokukhulisa imarike yorhwebo yeenkqubo ze-IR ezinesiseko se-germanium, ezifana nezithuthi eziphezulu, kodwa izicelo ezingekho emthethweni zijongana kuphela ne-12% yemfuno.
I-Germanium tetrachloride isetyenziselwa njengento ephezulu-okanye eyongeziweyo-ukwandisa inkcazo yokurhafisa kwi-silica glass core of fiber-optic imigca. Ngokufakela i-germanium, ukulahlekelwa kwesiginali kuthintelwe.
Iifom ze-germanium nazo zisetyenziselwa kumacandelwana ukuvelisa i-PVCs zombini (based satellites) kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla omhlaba.
I-Germanium substrates zenza uluhlu olulodwa kwiindlela ezininzi zokusebenzisa i-gallium, i-indium phosphide kunye ne- gallium arsenide. Ezi zixhobo, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-photovoltaics ezigxininisekile (CPVs) ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwazo kokugxilisa iilensi eziphakamisa ukukhanya kwelanga ngaphambi kokuba ziguqulwe zibe ngamandla, zibe namazinga aphezulu asebenzayo kodwa zindleko eziphezulu ukuvelisa kune-crystalline silicon okanye ithusi-indium-gallium- izilwanyana (CIGS) iiseli.
Amanqaku angama-17 engama-germanium dioxide asetyenziswa njenge-polymerization catalyst kwimveliso ye-PET eplastiki ngonyaka. I-PET eplastiki isetyenziswe ngokubanzi ekutheni ukutya, ukusela, kunye nezikhupha.
Naphezu kokungaphumeleli njengengu-transistor kuma-1950, i-germanium isetyenziswe ngokukwi-tandem kunye ne-silicon kwicandelo lokudlulisela ezinye iifowuni kunye nezixhobo ezingenazintambo. Abaguquli beSiGe banokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza kwaye basebenzise amandla angaphantsi kobuchwepheshe be-silicon-based. Isicelo esisodwa sokugqibela se-SiGe chips sisekhompyutheni zokhuseleko.
Eminye imisebenzi ye-germanium kwi-electronics ifaka kwi-memory memps chips, ezithatha inkumbulo yefowuni kwiinkcukacha ezininzi zeekhompyutha ngenxa yeenzuzo zabo zokulondoloza amandla, kwakunye nakwimigangatho esebenzayo kwimveliso ye-LED.
Imithombo:
USGS. Incwadi Yonyaka Yamaminerali ka-2010: iGermanium. UDavid E. Guberman.
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/germanium/
I-Minor Trade Metals Association (MMTA). Germanium
http://www.mmta.co.uk/metals/Ge/
CK722 Museum. Jack Ward.
http://www.ck722museum.com/