Igama elithi hydrolysis livela kwigama elithi hydro, elingumGrike ngamanzi, kunye ne-lysis, oku kuthetha "ukungabikho." Ngokwenyani, i-hydrolysis ithetha isenzo sokuhlukanisa iikhemikhali xa kufakwa amanzi.
Kukho iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili ze-hydrolysis: ityuwa, i-asidi kunye ne-base hydrolysis.
I-Hydrolysis inokucingwa njengento echasene ngqo nokuxhaswa, yinkqubo apho ezimbini iamolekyu zidibanisa zenze enye i-molecule enkulu. Isiphumo sokugqibela sale mpendulo kukuba i-molecule enkulu ilahla i-molecule yamanzi. Uyakuthi uhlale ukhumbule umehluko phakathi kwezi zibini ukuba ucinga ngalo kumongo ukuba i-hydrolysis isebenzisa amanzi ukudiliza into ngexesha ukuxhaswa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhula into ethile, ngokususa amanzi.
Iindidi eziqhelekileyo ze-Hydrolysis
- Amasiza: I-Hydrolysis yenzeka xa ityuwa ephuma kwisiseko esibuthakathaka okanye i-asidi iyaqhekeza. Xa oko kwenzeka, amanzi ngokukhawuleza azisa i-hydroxide anions kunye ne-hydronium cations. Olu luhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwe-hydrolysis.
- I-Acid: Amanzi angenza njenge-asidi okanye isiseko, ngokwemfundiso yeBronsted-Lowry acid. Kule meko, i-molecule yamanzi iya kunika iproton. Mhlawumbi umzekelo omdala kunazo zonke zentengiso yelo hlobo lwe-hydrolysis yi-saponification, ukwakheka kwesepha.
- Isiseko: Le mpendulo ifana kakhulu ne-hydrolysis yokuxhathisa isiseko. Kwakhona, kwinqaku elisebenzayo, isiseko esivame ukuphazamisa emanzini yi-ammonia.
Yintoni eyenziwa yi-hydrolysis?
Kwimpendulo ye-hydrolysis equka i-ester link, efana neyofumaneka phakathi kwama-amino acids ezimbini kwiprotheni, iimveliso eziphumo ziquka omnye ofumana i-hydroxyl (OH) iqela kwi-molecule yamanzi kunye nomnye oba yi-acid carboxylic iproton asele (H +).
Ukuphendula kwe-Hydrolysis kwizinto eziphilayo
Ukuphendula kwe-Hydrolysis kwizidalwa eziphilayo zenziwa ngoncedo lwe-catalysis ngeklasi yeenzyme ezibizwa ngokuba yi-hydrolases. Izimpendulo zezinto ezinokwenziwa kwezinto eziphilayo eziphula iipolymers, ezinjengeeprotheni (ezo zikhonkco ze peptide phakathi kwama-amino acids), i-nucleotides, ishukela eziyinkimbinkimbi kunye nesitashi, kunye namafutha axhaswa yilo klasi ye-enzyme. Kule klasini zi-lipases, i-amylases, ii-proteinases i-hydrolyze amafutha, ushukela kunye neeprotheni, ngokulandelanayo.
Iibhakteria ezihlaziyileyo kunye neefungi zidlala indima ekhethekileyo kwimveliso yamaphepha kunye nezinye izicelo ze-biotechnology zansuku zonke kuba zi-enzyme (ezifana neziclusethi kunye ne-esterases) ezingakwazi ukuphula i-cellulose ibe yi-polysaccharides (ii.e., iipolymers ze-molecules zentaba) okanye i-glucose, kwaye aphule i stickies.
Ngokomzekelo, iProteinase yongezwa kwi-extract cell, ukuze i-hydrolyze iip peptide ize ivelise umxube we-amino acids.