Ukutshintsha iGenesis phakathi kwezilwanyana nge Microinjections
Inkcazo yeDNA
I-DNA, okanye i-deoxyribonucleic acid, yinto yokufa kubantu kwaye phantse zonke ezinye izinto eziphilayo. Phantse yonke iseli kumzimba womntu unalo DNA efanayo. Ininzi i-DNA ifumaneke kwi-cell nucleus (apho kuthiwa yi-DNA yenyukliya), kodwa i-DNA encinci inokufumaneka kwi-mitochondria, apho kuthiwa i-DNA mitochondrial okanye i-mtDNA.
Ingcaciso kwi-DNA igcinwe njengekhowudi eyenziwe ngamacandelo amane eekhemikhali: i-adenine (A), i-guanine (G), i-cytosine (C) kunye ne-thymine (T). I-DNA yabantu iqulethwe malunga neebhiliyoni ezi-3, kwaye ngaphezu kwama-99 ekhulwini walezo ziseko zifanayo kubo bonke abantu. Umyalelo, okanye ulandelelaniso, kwezi ziseko, unquma ulwazi olukhoyo lokwakhiwa nokugcina umzimba. Le nkqubo ifana neendlela iileta ze-alfabhethi ezivela ngayo umyalelo othile ukudala amagama nezivakalisi.
Iziseko zeDNA zidibene kunye (okt, i-A ne-T ne-C kunye ne-G) ukwenza iiyunithi ezibizwa ngokuba zizibini zisezantsi. Isiseko ngasinye sinamathele kwi-molecule yeshukela kunye ne-phosphate molecule. Xa ezi zintathu zihlanganiswa (isiseko, iswekile kunye ne-phosphate) ebizwa ngokuba yi-nucleotide. I-nucleotides ihlelwe ngamacwecwe amabini amade abumba umoya obizwa ngokuba yi-double helix. Isakhiwo se-helix ephindwe kabini kufana nesiteji, kunye nezibini ezisezantsi zenza i-ladder kunye neeshukela kunye ne-phosphate molecules ezenza i-sidepieces esezantsi.
Ipropati ebalulekileyo ye-DNA kukuba inokuphinda iphendule okanye yenza iikopi zayo. I-DNA nganye ye-DNA kwi-helix ephindwe kabini ingaba ngumzekelo wokuphinda ulandelelwano lweziseko. Oku kubaluleke xa iiseli zihlula kuba iseli ngasinye esitsha kufuneka sibe nekopi echanekileyo yeDNA ekhoyo kwiseli yakudala.
Inkqubo ye-DNA Microinjection
Kwi-DNA microinjection, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-khikliya microinjection, i-glass bipipette efanelekileyo kakhulu isetyenziselwa ukufaka i-DNA kwimizimba enye ibe yinye. Ixesha elona xesha lifanelekileyo lokujova isilwanyana emva kokuchumisa xa i-ova inemifanekiso emibili. Xa iifom zombini zenza i-nucleus enye, i-DNA inject okanye ayiyi kuthathwa. I-University of California (Irvine) I-Transgenic Mouse Facility ibika ingxelo ephumelelayo yokuphumelela kweepesenti ezili-10 ukuya kuma-15 ekhulwini ngokusekelwe kukuvavanya nokuhlolwa kobuchule obuchanekileyo be-transgenes. Ukuba i-DNA ibandakanywa kwi-genome, yenziwa ngokulandelelana. Ngenxa yoko, kuhlale kunethuba lokufaka i-gene engayi kubonakaliswa yi- GMO , okanye inokuphazamisa nokubonakalisa enye imfuza kwi-chromosome.
Ukulandela i-DNA injection, i-ovum idluliselwa kwi-oviduct yowesibini umfazi, okanye umama okhulelweyo, oye wabangelwa ukuxhatshazwa ngendoda enesifo.
Imithombo:
I-Reference Reference Home. Yintoni i-DNA? ILayibrari yeSizwe ka-US yamayeza. https://ghr.nlm.nig.gov/primer/basics/dna