I-biotechnology idlalwa njengento efana ne-biomedical research, kodwa kukho amanye amashishini asebenzisa ama-biotech iindlela zokufunda, ukukhonkxa kunye nokuguqula iigleji. Sijwayelene nombono wee- enzyme kwimpilo yethu yemihla ngemihla kwaye abantu abaninzi bayazi kakuhle iingxabano ezijikeleze ukusetyenziswa kwe- GMO ekudleni kwethu. Icandelo lezolimo liphakathi kweso sifikiswano, kodwa ukususela kwiintsuku zikaGeorge Washington Carver, i-biotech yezolimo iye yavelisa iimveliso ezintsha ezingenamsebenzi ezinokuthi zitshintshe ubomi bethu zibe ngcono.
01 Iigonyamelo
Izigulane zomlomo ziye zasebenza kwiminyaka emininzi njengesisombululo esinokusasazeka kwezifo kumazwe angaphantsi komhlaba, apho iindleko zingavumelekanga ukugonywa okubanzi. Izityalo eziveliswe ngezofuzo, ngokuqhelekileyo iziqhamo okanye imifuno, eyenzelwe ukuthwala iiproteni ezingamachiza ezithathelwanayo, eziza kuthatha impendulo yokuzivikela ngomzimba xa ityiwa. Umzekelo walesi sigulane esigulane sonyango sokuphatha umhlaza. I-vaccine ye-anti-lymphoma iyenziwe ngokusebenzisa izityalo zecuba ezithwala i-RNA ezivela kwi-B-cells ezibi. Iprotheni eyiphumela isetyenziselwa ukugoma isigulane kwaye ikhulise umzimba wayo wokulwa nomhlaza. Izigulane ezenziwe ngokwenza umhlaza wonyango ziye zabonisa isithembiso esininzi kwizifundo zokuqala. 02 Antibiotics
Izilwanyana zisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-antibiotics ekusebenziseni abantu kunye nezilwanyana. Ukubonakalisa iiprotheni ze-antibiotic ekuncediseni imfuyo, ezondliwa ngokuthe ngqo kwizilwanyana, ixabiso elincinci kunezolimo zendalo, kodwa lo mkhuba uphakamisa imiba emininzi ye- bioethics kuba umphumo usasazeke, mhlawumbi kusetyenziso olungabalulekanga lwe-antibiotics engakhuthaza ukukhula kweengxaki ze-bacterial antibiotic. Iintlobo ezininzi zokusebenzisa izityalo ukuvelisa i-antibiotics kubantu ziyancitshiswa ngeendleko ngenxa yemveliso enkulu yeemveliso ezinokuveliswa kwizityalo ngokubhekiselele kwiyunithi yokuvumba , ukuhlanjululwa kokuhlanjululwa, kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko wokungcola ngokuthelekiswa nokusebenzisa iiseli zamamalia kunye nenkcubeko majelo. 03 Iintyatyambo
Kukho okungakumbi kwi-biotechnology yezolimo kunokuphela kokulwa nezifo okanye ukuphucula umgangatho wokutya . Kukho ezinye izicelo ezisemgangathweni kunye nomzekelo walokhu kusetyenziswa ukuchongwa kwemfuza kunye neendlela zokudlulisa ukuphucula umbala, ukuvumba, ubukhulu kunye nezinye iimpawu zeentyatyambo. Ngokufanayo, i-biotech isetyenziselwe ukwenza uphuculo kwezinye izityalo eziqhelekileyo zokuhlobisa, ngokukodwa, izihlahla kunye nemithi. Ezinye zezi zinguqu zifana nezo zenziwe kwizityalo, ezifana nokuphucula ukunyanzelwa kubanda beesityalo esitshatyalaliswayo, ngoko kungakhula ngasentla. 04 Biofuels
Tom Merton Icandelo lezolimo lidlala indima enkulu kwi-biofuels shishini, ukubonelela ngezityalo zokutya nokucocwa kwe-bio-oyile, i-bio-diesel kunye ne-bio-ethanol. Ubunjineli be-genetic kunye nobuchule bokusetyenziswa kwe-enzyme zisetyenziselwa ukuphucula iziphumo zokutya ezingcono kakhulu zokuguqulwa ngokugqithiseleyo kunye nemiphumo ephezulu ye-BTU yeemveliso zamanzi eziphumo. Izityalo eziphakamileyo eziphezulu, izityalo ezinamandla ziyanciphisa iindleko ezinxulumene nokuvuna kunye nokuhamba (nganye iyunithi yamandla efunyenwe), okubangelwa kwimveliso yexabiso eliphezulu.
05 Izalwanyana kunye nokuzaliswa kwezilwanyana
Ukuphucula izityalo nezityalo zezilwanyana ngeendlela eziqhelekileyo ezifana nokuphambisa impepha, ukuhlanganiswa, kunye nokuzaliswa kwempahla kudla ixesha. Intuthuko ye-Biotech ivumela ukuba utshintsho oluthile lwenziwa ngokukhawuleza, kwinqanaba lee-molecular ngokubhekiselele kwi-expression okanye ukususwa kwamagciwane, okanye ukufakwa kwamagciwane angaphandle. Le ndlela yokugqibela iyakwazi ukusebenzisa iindlela zokulawulwa kwegama lomzimba njengeendlela zokukhuthaza i-gene kunye nezizathu zokubhala . Izindlela ezifana nokukhethwa koncedo lokumakishwa kwamakishi zithuthukisa ukwenziwa kwezilwanyana "ezilandisiweyo" , ngaphandle kokuphikisana okuqhelekileyo kuhambelana ne-GMOs. Izindlela zokwenza i-gene zimele zijongane neentlobo ezahlukeneyo kwiikhowudi zofuzo, ubukho okanye ukungabikho kwamathumbu kunye nokuguqulwa kweposi emva kokuguqulela okufana ne-methylation. 06 Izilwanyana ezingapheliyo
Kwiminyaka, i-microbe Bacillus thuringiensis , evelisa iprotheni enetyhefu kwizinambuzane, ngokukodwa, i-European borer borer, isetyenziselwa ukutshala izityalo. Ukuphelisa isidingo sokothuli, izazinzulu zaqala ukuvelisa iikhompheni ze-bt zibonisa i-protein ye-Bt, ilandelwa yi-Bt amazambane kunye nekotoni. Iprotheni ye-Bt ayinobuthi kubantu, kwaye izityalo ze-transgenic zenza kube lula ukuba abalimi baphephe ukuhlaselwa kwexabiso elibi. Ngo-1999, imbambano yavela kwi-Bt ngqolowa ngenxa yesifundo esacetyiswa ukuba impova yafudukela e-milkweed apho yabulala i-monarch larvae eyidlayo. Uphando olulandelayo lubonise umngcipheko ukuba izibungu zincinci kwaye, kwiminyaka yamuva, ukuphikisana kwimizi yeBt yatshintshile ingqalelo, kwisihloko sokhuselo lwezilwanyana ezikhulayo. 07 Izilimo ezixhatshazwa ngamagciwane e-Pesticide
Akunakudideka ngokuxhatshazwa kwezilwanyana , ezi zityalo zibekezela ukuvumela abalimi bakhethe ukhula olujikelezileyo ngaphandle kokulimaza isityalo sabo. Umzekelo ogqwesileyo wolu ngqungquthela lwe-Roundup-Ready, ophuhliswe nguMonsanto. Eyokuqala ngo-1998 njenge-soybe ye-GM, izityalo ze-Roundup-Ready azichaphazelekayo yi-glyphosate ye-herbicide, enokusetyenziswa kwizinto ezininzi zokuphelisa ezinye izityalo kwintsimi. Izibonelelo ezi zinto zigcinwa ngexesha kunye neendleko ezinxulumene nokulima okuqhelekileyo ukunciphisa ukhula, okanye iinkqubo ezininzi zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokurhaxiswa kwamanzi ukuze kupheliswe ngokuthe ngqo iintlobo ezithile zokhula. Iingxaki ezingenakwenzeka ziquka zonke iingxabano eziphikisanayo nee-GMO. 08 Supplementation
Ngomzamo wokuphucula impilo yabantu, ngokukodwa kumazwe angaphantsi kophuhliso, izazinzulu zidala ukutya okunokuguqulwa kofuzo oluqulethe izondlo ezizaziyo ukulwa nezifo okanye ukungondleki. Umzekelo wale Ninzi yeRipe , equlethe i-beta-carotene, i-precursor ye-Vitamin A emzimbeni wethu. Abantu abadla ilayisi bakhiqiza i-Vitamin A ngaphezulu, isondlo esibalulekileyo esisweleyo kwizidlo zehlwempu kumazwe aseAsia. Iigulo ezintathu, ezimbini ukusuka kwi-daffodils kunye nomnye ukusuka kwibhaktheriya, ezinokukwazi ukuguqula iimpendulo ezine ze-biochemical, zenziwa irayisi ukuze zenze "igolide". Igama livela kumbala weesinkozo ze-transgenic ngenxa yokugqithisa ngokugqithiseleyo kwe-beta-carotene, enika izaqathe umbala we-orange. 09 Ukuxhatshazwa koxinzelelo lwe-Abiotic
Ngaphantsi kwe-20% yomhlaba umhlaba onomileyo kodwa ezinye izityalo ziye zaguqulwa ngokwemizimba ukuze zenzeke ngakumbi kwiimeko ezifana nosawoti, ubanda kunye nesomiso. Ukufumanisa iigleji kwizityalo ezijongene nokunyuka kwe-sodium kukhokelela ekuphuhliseni izityalo ezikhonkqisayo ezikwazi ukukhula kwiindawo zetyuwa eziphezulu. Umgangatho ophezulu-okanye umgaqo-phantsi we-transcription ngokuqhelekileyo usetyenziswe ukutshintsha ukunyamezela kwesityalo kwizityalo. Iimbewu kunye nezilwanyana ezihlaziyiweyo, ezikwazi ukuphumelela phantsi kweemeko zenkomfa, zingomnyaka wesine wezilingo zasendle eCalifornia naseColorado, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba bafike kwiimarike kwiminyaka engama-4-5. Amashishini amaFibers ama-10
Cmglee / Wikimedia CC 2.0 Ingqayi yelitrha yiyo I-fiber eqinileyo eyaziwayo kumntu, inamandla kuneKevlar (isetyenziselwa ukwenza izibhengezo ze-bullet-proof), enegunya eliphezulu elinamandla ngaphezu kwesinyithi. Ngo-Agasti 2000, inkampani yaseCanada i-Nexia yamemezela ukuphuhliswa kweebhokhwe zengxowa-mveliso ezavelisa iiproyiki zeprotheni zobisi kwi-milk. Ngoxa le nto yayisombulula ingxaki yokuvelisa iiprotheni, inkqubo yayisisigxina xa izazinzulu zazingenakukwazi ukuzitshintshela kwiifayili ezifana nezigulane. Ngo-2005, iibhokhwe zazithengiswa nakubani na oya kubathatha. Nangona kubonakala ngathi ingcamango yecalafi isetyenziswe kwireferensi yexesha, iteknoloji eqinisekileyo iya kuvela kwakhona kwixesha elizayo, kwakhona ulwazi oluhlangeneyo luhlanganisene nendlela iilki ezenziwe ngayo.