Ziziphi i-GMOs kwaye zenziwa njani?

Iisiseko zeNguqulelo zeGenesis

Yintoni i-GMO?

I-GMO inokufutshane "yezinto eziphilayo eziguqulwe ngokomzimba." Ukuguqulwa kwe-Genetic kuye kwadlulayo kwiminyaka emashumi kwaye kuyindlela ephumelelayo kunye nekhawulezayo yokudala isityalo okanye isilwanyana ngendlela ethile okanye uphawu. Yenza utshintsho oluchanekileyo kwi-DNA ngokulandelelana. Ngenxa yokuba i-DNA ibandakanya iprogram yendalo yonke, utshintsho kwi-DNA lushintsha imisebenzi eyenziwa ngumzimba.

Ayikho enye indlela yokwenza oku ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izicwangciso eziphuhlisiwe kwiminyaka engama-40 edlulileyo ukusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-DNA.

Ungenza njani uguqula umzimba? Enyanisweni, lo ngumbuzo obanzi kakhulu. Umzimba unokuba isityalo, isilwanyana, i-fungus, okanye iibhaktheriya kunye nazo zonke ezi zinto, kwaye ziye zenziwa, zenziwe ngezofuzo kangangeminyaka engama-40. Iimpawu zokuqala zokuvelisa izifo eziphilayo ziyi- bacteria ekuqaleni kwawo-1970 . Ukususela ngoko, iibhaktheriya eziguqulweyo ngokwemizimba ziye zaba yi-hundreds of thousands of labbs ukwenza i-genetic modifications kwizityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Uninzi lwezidalwa eziphilayo ezisisiseko kunye nokuguqulwa zenzelwe kwaye zilungiselelwe ngokusebenzisa iibhaktheriya, ngokuyininzi ukuhlukahluka kwe- E. coli , ize idluliselwe kwizinto ezijoliswe kuzo.

Indlela esebenzayo yokuguqula izityalo, izilwanyana, okanye i-microbes iyalunga ngendlela efanayo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ukungafani kwezicwangciso ezithile ngenxa yokungafani ngokubanzi phakathi kweesityalo nezityalo zezilwanyana.

Ngokomzekelo, izityalo zityalo zineendonga zeseli kunye neeseli zezilwanyana.

Izizathu zokuguqulwa kweGenesis yeZityalo neZinyama

Izilwanyana ze-GM zijoliswe ngokuyinjongo kwiinjongo zophando, ngokuqhelekileyo njengeenkqubo zezinto eziphilayo ezisetyenziselwa ukuphuhliswa kweziyobisi. Kukho izilwanyana ze-GM eziphuhliselwe ezinye iinjongo zorhwebo, ezifana neentlanzi ze-fluorescent njengezilwanyana ezifuywayo, kunye nee-mosquito ze-GM zokunceda ukulawula umlingo ophethe izifo.

Nangona kunjalo, ezi zicelo zingancinci ngaphandle kophando olusisiseko lwezinto eziphilayo. Kuze kube ngoku, akukho zilwanyana zeGM ezivunyiwe njengendawo yokutya. Kungekudala, oku kungatshintshwa kwi-AquaAdvantage Salmon eyenza indlela yayo yokuyifumana kwinkqubo yokuvunywa.

Nangona kunjalo, iimeko zihlukile. Nangona ezininzi izityalo ziguqulwa ukuphanda, injongo yezinto ezininzi zokuguqulwa kwezityalo zenza isityalo sokutya esiluncedo okanye intlalontle. Umzekelo, izivuno zonyuswa xa izityalo zenziwe ngonxibelelwano oluphuculweyo kwisifo esibangelwa zizifo ezifana ne-Rainbow Papaya, okanye ukukwazi ukukhula kwindawo engabonakaliyo, mhlawumbi ibe nzima. Izithelo ezihlala ixesha elivuthiweyo, njenge-Endless Summer Tomatoes, zinika ixesha elongezelelweyo lexesha lesiblulo emva kokuvuna ukusebenzisa. Kwakhona, iimpawu eziphucula ixabiso lokutya, ezifana neRandi yeDigesi eyenzelwe ukuba nesityebi kwi-vitamin A, okanye ukusetyenziswa kweziqhamo, ezifana ne-Arctic Apples ezingabonakaliyo.

Okubalulekileyo, nayiphina impawu enokuthi ibonakaliswe ngokudibanisa okanye ukuvinjelwa kwemfuza ethile, ingafakwa. Iimpawu ezifuna iigulo ezininzi zingaphathwa kwakhona, kodwa oku kufuna inkqubo enzima kakhulu engakaze ifumaneke ngezityalo zorhwebo.

Yintoni iGene?

Ngaphambi kokuba uchaze indlela iindlela ezenziwe ngayo iintsholongwane eziphilayo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba yintoni i-gene. Abaninzi banokwazi ukuba, iigenjini zenziwe ngeDNA, enokwakhe iqokelelwe iziseko ezine ezichazwe njenge-A, T, C, G. Umyalelo ofanayo wezo ziseko ngokulandelelana phantsi kwe-DNA umgca we-gene ungacingwa njengomgaqo weprotheyini ethile, nje ngeleta kumgca wekhowudi yombhalo yesigwebo.

Iiprotheyini zinamaleksi amakhulu e-biological ezenziwe ngama-amino acids ezidibanisene kunye kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Xa idibaniselwano elungileyo lama-amino acids lidibene kunye, i-amino acid chain ihlanganisa kunye neprotheyini kunye nesimo esithile kunye nekhampani ezifanelekileyo kunye kunye nokwenza umsebenzi othile okanye ukuphendula. Izinto eziphilayo zenziwe ngokubanzi ngamaprotheni. Ezinye iiprotheni ziyi-enzymes ezenza ukuba iziphumo zamakhemikhali zenzeke; ezinye izinto zothutho kwiiseli kwaye ezinye zisebenza njengetshintshi ezisebenzayo okanye zokucima ezinye iiprotheni okanye iiprotheni.

Ngoko, xa i-gene entsha isetyenziswe, inika iseli ukulandelelana kwekhowudi ukwenzela ukuba yenze iprotheni entsha.

Amaseli ahlela njani iGenesis yabo?

Kwizityalo kunye neeseli zezilwanyana, phantse yonke i-DNA iyalwe kwimiqolo emininzi emininzi ixhomekeke kuma-chromosomes. Amajethi ngokwenene nje amacandelo amancinane okulandelelana kweDNA eyenza i-chromosome. Njalo ixesha iseli liphindaphinda, zonke i-chromosomes zichazwe kuqala. Le yimiqathango ephambili yemiyalelo yeseli, kwaye nganye inzala yesibini inokufumana ikopi. Ngoko, ukuzisa umthamo omtsha okwenza iseli lenze iprotheni entsha enika impawu ethile, enye imele nje ifake enye ye-DNA kwelinye leemida ezide ze-chromosome. Emva kokufakiwe, i-DNA iya kudluliselwa kuyo nayiphi na intombi yeentombi xa iseli liphendulela njengamanye amajethi.

Enyanisweni, iintlobo ezithile ze-DNA zinokugcinwa kwiiseli ezihlukeneyo ukusuka kuma-chromosomes kunye namajethi angeniswa ngokusebenzisa lezi zakhiwo ukuze zingabandakanyi kwi-DNA ye-chromosomal. Nangona kunjalo, ngale ndlela, ekubeni i-DNA ye-cell chromosomal iguqulwa kaninzi ayinakugcinwa kuzo zonke iiseli emva kweempendulo ezininzi. Ukuguqulwa kokusisigxina kunye nokuzuzwa njengefa, ezifana nezo nkqubo ezisetyenziselwa ubunjineli bezityalo, ukulungiswa kwe-chromosomal kusetyenziswa.

I-Gene entsha inokufakwa njani?

Ubunjineli be-Genetic bubhekiselele ekufakeni ukulandelelana kwesiseko seDNA (ngokuqhelekileyo kuhambelana nemfuza yonke) kwi-DNA ye-chromosomal yendalo. Oku kungabonakala kuqikelele ngokucacileyo, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo, kuya kuba nzima ngakumbi. Kukho iinkcukacha ezininzi zobugcisa ezibandakanyekayo ekufumaneni i-DNA elandeleleneyo ngokuchanekileyo kunye nempawu ezifanelekileyo kwi-chromosome kwimeko elungileyo eyenza iiseli ziyiqaphele i-gene kwaye isebenzise ukwenza iprotheni entsha.

Kukho izinto ezine eziphambili eziqhelekileyo kuzo zonke iinkqubo zobunjineli zobunjineli:

1. Okokuqala, ufuna imfuza. Oku kuthetha ukuba udinga i-molecule ye-DNA kunye neendlela ezizodwa zokulandelana. Ngokwesiko, oku kulandelwa ngokuthe ngqo kumzimba usebenzisa nayiphi na indlela yamatye amaninzi. Ngamhla, kunokuba kukhishwe iDNA kwimizimba, izazinzulu zivele zenziwe kuphela kwi-A, T, C, G, kunye neekhemikhali. Xa sele ifunyenwe, ukulandelelana kungeniswa kwisiqwenga se-DNA ye-bacteria efana ne-chromosome encinci (i-plasmid) kwaye, ekubeni iibhaktheriya ziphinda ziphendule ngokukhawuleza, zininzi zezityalo ezifunekayo.
2. Emva kokuba unayo i-gene, kufuneka uyibeke kwi-DNA strand ejikelezwe nge-DNA ngokulandelelana ngokulandelelana ukuze i-cell ikwazi ukuyiqonda kwaye ibonise. Okuphambili, oku kuthetha ukuba ufuna i-DNA encinane ngokulandelelana okubizwa ngokuba ngumgqugquzeli obonisa iseli ukubonisa imfuza.
3. Ukongeza kwi-gene esemthethweni ekufuneka ifakwe, ngokuqhelekileyo kufuneka i-gene yesibini ukubonelela umakishi okanye ukhetho. Leli jini yesibini isisityebi esisetyenzisiweyo ukuchonga iiseli eziqulethe imfuza.
4. Ekugqibeleni, kuyimfuneko ukuba ube nendlela yokuhambisa iDNA entsha (oko kukuthi, umgqugquzeli, i-gene entsha kunye nokukhetha uphawu) kwiiseli zomzimba. Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokwenza oku. Kwizityalo, into endiyithandayo yindlela yokusebenzisa izibhamu zokusebenzisa izibhamu ezisebenzisa isibhamu esilungisiwe 22 ukudubula i-tungsten okanye i-particle zegolide kwi-cell.

Ngeeseli zezilwanyana, kukho inani elithile lokudlulisa i-reagents ezigubungelayo okanye eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-DNA kwaye zenze ukuba zidlule kwiimbrane zeseli. Kuqhelekile ukuba i-DNA idibaniswe kunye neDNA eguquguqukayo eyenziwa njenge-vector gene ukuba ithwale i-gene kwiiseli. I-DNA eguquguqukayo yintsholongwane ingafakwa kunye neeprotheni zentsholongwane eziqhelekileyo ukwenza i-pseudovirus engakwazi ukuchaphazela iiseli kwaye ifake i-DNA ethwele i-gene, kodwa ingaphenduli ukwenza intsha entsha.

Kwiimveliso ezininzi zeedicot, i-gene ingafakwa kwindawo eguquguqukayo yenkampani ye-T-DNA ye-Agrobacterium tumefaciens ibhaktheriya. Kukho nezinye iindlela ezimbalwa. Nangona kunjalo, ininzi, inani elincinci leeseli kuphela likhetha ukukhethwa komzimba kweeseli ezibunjiweyo inxalenye ebalulekileyo yale nkqubo. Yingakho i-gene ekhethiweyo okanye imakishi iyimfuneko.

Kodwa, Uyenza njani iMouse ye-Genetically Engineered or Tomato?

I-GMO inomzimba kunye nezigidi zeeseli kunye nenkqubo ephezulu nje ichaza ngokucacileyo indlela yokwenza iinjinisi ezilunayo. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yokuvelisa yonke into ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwezi mbane zobunjineli kwiiseli zentsholongwane (okt, i-sperm kunye namaqanda eqanda). Xa i-gene ishicilelwe, yonke inkqubo isebenzisa iindlela zobubele bokuzalisa ukuvelisa izityalo okanye izilwanyana eziqulethe i-gene entsha kuwo onke amaseli emzimbeni wazo. Ubunjineli be-Genetic buyenziwe nje kwiiseli. I-Biology iyona.