IThekhnoloji ye-Biotechnology
Ekubeni i-DNA yokuqala yokwenza iimvavanyo kwiminyaka engama-40 edlulileyo, izakhono zobunjineli bezakhi zofuzo zenziwe ukuba zenze iamolekyuji zezinto eziphilayo, zenziwe ngama-microorganisms kunye neeseli, iindlela zokufumana ezintsha izakhi zezazi kwaye zibonise indlela ezisebenza ngayo, kunye nezilwanyana kunye nezityalo ezingapheliyo. Phakathi kwale mpi ye-bioengineering revolution, izicelo zorhwebo ziqhutywe, kwaye icandelo lenzelwe uphuhliso lwezakhono ezifana ne- gene cloning , i-mutagenesis, i- DNA , ukuphazamiseka kwe-RNA, ukubhaliswa kwe-RNA ne-detection.
Iimpawu ezimbini zeMicrosoft Biotech: IiNyango nezoLimo
Icandelo le-biotech icandelo ngokubanzi kwiimarike zonyango kunye nezolimo. Nangona i-Biotechnology ehamba phambili isetyenziselwa kwezinye iindawo ezinomdla ezifana nokuveliswa kwemveliso yamachiza, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezizimeleyo , ukusetyenziswa kule mimandla kusekho okhethekileyo kwaye kuncinci.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izimboni zonyango kunye nezolimo ziye zafumana inguqulelo ye-biotech kunye nemigudu yocwaningo olutsha kunye nexesha elivame ukuphikisana neengxabano, iinkqubo zophuhliso, kunye nezicwangciso zoshishino zokufumanisa, ukuguqula okanye ukuvelisa i-biomolecules ezintsha kunye nezinto eziphilayo ngokusebenzisa i-bioengineering.
I-Biotech Start-Up Revolution
I-Biotechnology yazisa indlela entsha yokuphuhliswa kweziyobisi engazange idibanise ngokulula kwiinkqubo ezijoliswe kumakhemikhali ezisebenzisayo.
Olu tshintsho lwaye lwaphazamisa ukukhawuleza kweenkampani zokuqala eziqala ngokusungulwa kwe-Cetus (ngoku iyingxenye yeN Novartis Diagnostics) kunye neGenesch phakathi kwee-1970.
Ekubeni kwakukho uluntu olusisiseko lwentlalo ye-tech-tech e- Silicon Valley , ezininzi iinkampani zokuqala ze-biotechnology nazo zihlanganiswe kwindawo yaseSan Francisco Bay. Kule minyaka, kunamakhulu amaninzi amaqela okuqala asekelweyo kunye namabala ashushu abuye aphuhliswa e-US ecaleni kweSeattle, eSan Diego, iNorth Carolina Research Triangle Park, eBoston, naseFiladelphia, kunye neendawo ezininzi zamazwe kwimimandla ejikeleze iBerlin, iHeidelberg, neMunich eJamani, i-Oxford kunye neCambridge e-UK, kunye ne-Medicon Valley kwimpuma yeDenmark nasezantsi yeSweden.
I-Biotechnology yezoNyango, Ukuyila iiDrugs ezintsha ngokukhawuleza
I-biotech yezonyango, kunye nemali engenayo idlula i-$ 150 yezigidigidi ngonyaka, ifumana ubuninzi botyalo-mali be-biotech kunye nerola yophando. Nokuba igama elithi "biotech" lisoloko lisetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo kule nxalenye. Le nxalenye yeenkcukacha ze-biotech ezijikelezayo kwizixhobo ezifumanekayo "umbhobho" oqala ngophando olusisiseko ukuchonga izakhi zegesi okanye iiprotheni ezinxulumene nezifo ezithile ezingasetyenziselwa ukujoliswa kwezilwanyana kunye nokuphawula.
Emva kokuba i-gene entsha okanye iprotheni ijoliswe, amawaka eekhemikhali ahlolwayo ukuze afumane iziyobisi ezinokuchaphazela ithagethi. Iikhemikhali ezibonakala ngathi zinokusebenza njengeziyobisi (ngezinye iinkcukacha zibizwa ngokuba "zihlabayo") ngoko kufuneka zilungiswe, zitshekishwe kwimiphumo emibi yecala, kwaye ekugqibeleni, zivavanywe kwizilingo zeclini.
Iinkampani zeBiotech
I-Biotech iye yaba negalelo ekufumaneni kwezidakamizwa zokuqala kunye nezigaba zokuhlola. Iinkampani ezininzi eziphambili zezobisi zibandakanya iinkqubo zophando ezijoliswe ekujoliswe kuzo ekuxhaseni kakhulu kwi-biotechnology, kunye neenkampani ezincinane ezinjenge-Exelixis, i-BioMarin Pharmaceuticals kunye neCephalon zenza ukufumanisa izixhobo zonyango kunye nophuhliso ngokuqhelekileyo zisebenzisa iindlela zobugcisa ezizodwa. Ukongezelela ekuphuculweni kweziyobisi ngokukodwa, kukho iinkampani ezifana ne-Abbott Diagnostics kunye neBecton-Dickenson ezifuna iindlela zokusebenzisa izakhi zengqungquthela ezinxulumene nesifo ukuze zenze uvavanyo olutsha lwezonyango.
Zininzi zezi mvavanyo zichonga izigulane eziphendulayo kakhulu kumachiza amasha ezayo kwimarike. Kwakhona, ukuxhasa uphando lwamachiza amatsha luluhlu olude lweenkampani zophando kunye neelabhu ezibonelela ngeekitshini ezisisiseko, izixhobo zokusebenza kunye nezixhobo. Ngokomzekelo, iinkampani ezifana ne-Life Technologies, i-Thermo-Fisher, i-Promega kunye nezinye izibonelelo zinikeza izixhobo zet lab kunye nezixhobo ze-bioscience uphando, kwaye iinkampani ezinjengeMelecular Devices kunye neDiscoveRx zinika iiseli ezicwangcisiweyo ngokukhethekileyo kunye neenkqubo zokufumanisa ukujonga izixhobo ezinokusetyenziswa kwamachiza amatsha.
I-Biotechnology yezolimo - Ukutya okulungileyo
I-biotechnology efanayo isetyenziselwa ukuphuhliswa kweziyobisi inokuphucula uphuhliso lwezolimo kunye nokutya. Nangona kunjalo, ngokungafani namayeza, ubunjineli bezakhi zofuzo abazange bavelise ukutshabalalisa kwe-new-biotech start-ups entsha. Umlinganiselo unokuba kukuba, nangona uphuhliso lwezobuchwepheshe, i-biotech ayizange iguqulwe ngokwenene uhlobo lwezolimo. Ukukhusela izityalo kunye nemfuyo ekuphuculiseni i-genetics ukuphucula usebenziso kunye nokuphucula izivuno kuye kwaqhubeka iminyaka eyiwaka. Ngendlela, i-bioengineering inikezela indlela entsha elula. Iinkampani zolimo ezinyuliweyo, ezifana neDow kunye neMonsanto, zidibanisa nje i-biotech kwiiprogram ze-R & D.
GMO kunye neZilwanyana
Ininzi yokugxila kwi-ag-biotech ekuphuculweni kwezityalo , leyo, njengeshishini, liye laphumelela. Ekubeni isityalo sokuqala sokusungula izityalo senziwe ngowe-1994, iziqhamo zesityalo zeengqolowa ezifana nekolweni, i-soybean, i-tomato ziye zaba yinto eqhelekileyo ukwenzela ukuba ngoku kungaphezulu kwe-90% ye-corn corn, i-soybean kunye nekotoni. Nangona eshiya emva kwezityalo eziphilayo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-biotechnology ekuphuculweni kwezilwanyana zasemaphandleni kukwahle kakhulu.
Uyakhumbula iDolly, iigusha zokuqala ezixutywayo? Kwakukho ngo-1996. Ngoku ku-cloning kwezilwanyana kuqhelekileyo, kwaye izilwanyana zasefama ezicacileyo zicacileyo zijonge ngokukhawuleza zisekelwe kwiintloko ezibonisa ukuphuhliswa kwamuva kwi-website ye-Federation of Animal Societies. Nangona izidalwa eziguquguqukayo zemizimba (GMOs) ziye zavelisa ingxabano kwiminyaka yamuva nje, i-ag-biotech ifakwe kakuhle. Ngokwe-2011 iNkonzo yamazwe ngamazwe ekuThengeni kwe-Agri-Biotech Applications (ISAAA) 2011 ingxelo, i-hectares eziyi-160 zeemveliso ze-GMO zityalwe ngo-2011 kunye nokuthengiswa kweengqolowa ezili-160 zeebhiliyoni kwiinkozo ezicwangcisiweyo.