Uphando lwezoLimo lweeMvelo luBalulekileyo kwiNyango entsha, kodwa ixabiso
Kwincwadi ye-American Medical Association (JAMA) eyapapashwa ngoJanuwari 2010, isifundo esikhulu kunamhlanje ukuzama ukulinganisa inkxaso-mali ye-US yophando lwezobuncwane ngamashishini okwenza imichiza, urhulumente kunye nemithombo yabucala, abaphandi baqikelela ukuba uphando lwezolimo nge-US ngoku malunga nama-dollar ayi-100 yezigidi ngonyaka.
Icandelo loshishino lokuxuba imveliso ligalelo elikhulu ekunikeni uphando ngezezimali, inkxaso-mali engaphezulu kwama-60 ekhulwini. Urhulumente uncedisa malunga neyesithathu yeendleko, kunye neziseko, imibutho yokukhuthaza kunye nabanikeli ngabanye abajongene notyalo-mali.
Uphando oluyisiseko oluxhasa ukufumanisa izidakamizwa lufumene ukuphucula ixesha elilodwa ngokusebenzisa uMthetho we-American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), umthetho wokuphucula unyango lwempilo , owaba ngumthetho ngoFebruwari 2009. Malunga nama-dollar ayi-310 yezigidigidi zeedola ezili-10,4 ezibelwe amaziko eZiko lezeMpilo (NIH) yazinikezelwa ekuqhubekeni kwezinto zesayensi. Ngaphandle kokutyalomali okujoliswe ekukhuliseni uqoqosho ngethuba lomnotho, ubunzima bezimali buqinisekisa ukuba inkxaso karhulumente malunga nophando lweziyobisi iya kuhlala isicacile ixesha elithile.
Utyalo-mali lwangasese kwi-R & D
Ngokombiko wango-Matshi ka-2011 okhutshwe yi-shishini loshishino lwe-Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) kunye ne-Burrill & Inkampani, iinkampani zophando ze-biopharmaceutical zatyala imali eyi-67.4 yezigidigidi kwiphando nophuhliso lwezitofu ezintsha kunye namayeza ngo-2010.
Ingxelo ye-PhRMA ibonisa ukuba utyalo-mali, ukwanda kwe-1.5 1.5 billion ngonyaka ka-2009, yirekhodi lezorhwebo.
Uvavanyo luka-2009 lwama-US ophando lwezobunzulu kwiinkalo zonyango, olupapashwe kwi- PLoS One , lufumene i-shishini yezobisi lenze utyalo-mali lugxininise kwi-neuroscience, cardiovascular, endocrine, isisu, ukuphefumula kunye nophando lwe-genitourinary, ngelixa i-NIH incedisa uninzi lwenkxaso ye-HIV / AIDS, isifo izifo kunye nophando lwe-oncology.
Ukwandiswa kwemali akuzange kuguqulelwe ukwandiswa kwezibonelelo zamachiza amatsha yi-US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), ngokwe- PLos One ingxelo. Utyalo-mali-mali kuphela alukwazi ukuqinisekisa inkqubela phambili yesayensi. Ezinye izinto ezifunekayo zisebenza ngabasebenzi abanezakhono, ukufikelela kwendawo phakathi kweenkampani kunye namaziko ophando, kunye nentlalo yoluntu ekhuthaza ukusebenzisana phakathi kwabantu namaziko.
Lowo owayengumlawuli we-R & D kunye nenkampani enkulu ye-pharma ikholelwa ukuba ukuhlanganiswa kwemboni kuye kwaba nefuthe "eliphazamisayo" kwiiprojekthi zophando lweeyeza ngenxa yezimali ezifunekayo ukuze zixhaswe ngemali kunye nokuthengwa. UJohn L. LaMattina, owayengumongameli we-Pfizer Global Research and Development, wabhala kwiNgxelo yeeNkcazo zeNdalo ka-Agasti 2011, "Ngokubambisana kakhulu namhlanje, kungekhona kuphela ukucutshungulwa kweR & D, kodwa zonke iziza zophando ziyaqedwa."
Icandelo lezobisi liqhubeka nokuguquka ukuze lijongane nendawo eguqukayo. Imithetho emitsha kunye nezithintelo ziye zenza ukuhambisa izilwanyana ngokusebenzisa uphuhliso ukuze kuvunywe ngaphezu kweendleko kunye nobunzima, ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso sokubuyela. Ukongeza, ukudibanisa phakathi kweenkampani ezinkulu ziye zanyusa imboni, ukunciphisa ukhuphiswano phakathi kweenkampani ukuvelisa imishanguzo kunye nezobuchwepheshe ezintsha.
Njengoko imfuno iyaqhubeka nokukhula kwintsholongwane kunye namachiza amatsha ukunyanga izifo ezinzulu, iinkampani zonyango ziya kufuneka zitshintshe isicwangciso sabo sezo shishino ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezikhulayo kwezoqoqosho olutsha.