6 Biotechnologies Abantu Basebenziswa Ngaphambi Kwama-1900
Kukho izinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo eziye zadlala indima ezinenkwenkwezi ekuveleni kwimboni ye-biotech.
Ubuchwepheshe bezinto ezikhoyo zanamhlanje kunye nobuchwepheshe be-microbiology basebenzisa iindlela ezininzi zee molecule eziye zaphuhliswa kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo ngenxa yeziphumo ezifana ne- PCR , i- DNA yeminwe , i- enzyme yokuthintela , ukulandelana kunye neendlela zokwenza i-cloning
Nangona kunjalo, nangaphambi kokuba sazi ukuba yintoni i-gene, abantu babesebenzisa iiseli ngendlela ezikhutheleyo, nokuba zivelise ukutya kunye neekhemikhali okanye ukuphucula izityalo. Nazi ezinye zeendlela zobudala be-biotechnology ezibeka umgaqo we-biotech shishino ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba igama elithi "biotechnology" lisetyenziswe.
1. Ukutyisa ukuvelisa ukutya
Ukutsalwa kwe-fermentation mhlawumbi kukufumanisa i-biotechnology yamandulo. Kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-10 edlulileyo isintu sasivelisa iwayini, ubhiya, iviniga kunye nesonka ngokusebenzisa i-microorganisms, ngokuyinhloko imvubelo. I-yogurt yaveliswa yi-lactic acid bacteria ebisi kunye nezibumba zazisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa ushizi. Ezi nkqubo zisetyenziswa nanamhlanje ukuvelisa ukutya kwiitheyibhile zethu zokutya.
Nangona kunjalo, iinkcubeko zanamhlanje ziye zahlanjululwa (kwaye zihlala zihlanjululwa ngokwemizimba) ukugcina iimpawu ezinqwenelekayo kunye nemveliso esemgangathweni.
2. iFommentation Industrial
Ngowe-1897, safumanisa ukuba i- enzymes evela kwimvubelo inokuguqula iswekile kwi-alcohol, eyakhokelela ekuvelweni kweekhemikhali ezifana ne-butanol, i-acetone kunye ne-glycerol.
Iinkqubo zentsimbi zisasetyenziswa namhlanje kwimibutho ye-biotech yamaninzi, ngokuqhelekileyo ukuvelisa i-enzymes esetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zonyango, ukulungiswa kwendalo kunye nezinye iinkqubo zoshishino.
3. UkuLondolozwa kokutya
Inkqubo yokumisa, ukucola kunye nokuqhwala ukutya ukukhusela ukutshabalalisa kwakuqhutyelwa ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba umntu aqonde kakuhle ukuba kutheni la ma nyathelo asebenza okanye aqonda ngokucacileyo oko kubangela ukuba ukutya kuphazamise kwindawo yokuqala.
4. Iziqingatha
Isenzo sokumisa ukunqanda ukukhushulwa kwezifo sasikhona ngaphambi kokuba imvelaphi yezifo zaziwe ngabantu. Ukuqhawula abagulayo kubonisa ukuqonda kwangaphambili ukuba ugula lunokudluliselwa kumntu osulelekileyo ukuya kwelinye (enempilo) ngamnye, oza kuba ngumqondiso.
5. Ukuvelisa izityalo ezikhethiweyo
Ukuphuculwa kwezityalo (okt, ukukhetha imbewu kwizityalo eziphumelele kakhulu kunye nokuvelisa isityalo esitsha kunye neempawu ezinqwenelekayo) yindlela yokwenza iteknoloji yesityalo. Abalimi bafunda kwangaphambili-ukuba ukusebenzisa kuphela imbewu kwizityalo ezifanelekileyo ekugqibeleni zizakuphucula izityalo ezilandelayo. Maphakathi no-1860, izifundo zikaGregor Mendel malunga neempawu zefa eziphuculweyo ziphucula ukuqonda kwethu ngefa lokuzalwa kunye nokukhokelela ekuveleni (ngoku kuthiwa yi-hybridization).
6. Ulungelelaniso "Iingozi"
Ukufunyanwa kwenkqubo yezinto zezinto eziphilayo ngokuqhelekileyo kuvela ngokukhawuleza. Iimpawu zetyuwa, ukuvumba, ukucima i-desiccation (ukususa umswakama ekudleni ukuphepha ukukhupha) kunye nokuzaliswa kwemiphunga ngokuqinisekileyo kwafunyanwa ngengozi. Ngoko ke amanye amachiza ethu ebalulekileyo, njengePenicillin.