Indlela ezi zikhunjulwe ngayo zibonakala
Uninzi kangakanani malunga nokuthintela i-enzymes? Thola ukuqonda okungcono malunga noko bakwenzayo nokuba kutheni kubalulekile, kunye nokuhlaziywa.
Ukuchaza ukukhutshelwa kweezyzym
Ukulungiswa kwemimiselo ye-endonucleases yinklasi ye- enzyme eyenza i-molecule ye-DNA. I-enzyme nganye iyaqaphela ukulandelelana okukhethiweyo kwamanucleotide kwi-DNA strand. Ukulandelelana okunjalo ngokuqhelekileyo kuphakathi kwe-4 ukuya kweyesi-6 iibhanki ezide. Ukulandelelana kwimiba ye-palindromic kwinto yokuba i-DNA eqhotyoshelweyo ilandelelana ngokulandelelana kuphela.
Ngamanye amazwi, zombini iintambo ze-DNA zinqunywe kwindawo enye.
Apho ezi ndawo zifumaneka khona
Ukuthintela iimvumi ze-enzymes kufumaneka kwiintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zebhaktheriya apho indima yabo yemvelo kukuthatha inxaxheba ekukhuselweni kweselingo. Ezi enzyme "zithintela" ngaphandle (umz. Wentsholongwane) I-DNA engena kwiselfowuni, ngokuyichitha. Isitishi somninimzi sinesistim sokuguqulwa kwesithintelo esenza i-DNA yayo idijithi kwiindawo ezithile ezithintela i-enzymes, kwaye zikhusela ngokucoca. Kuye kwafunyaniswa i- enzyme engama-800 eyaziwayo ukuba iyaqonda amanqaku angama-100 ahlukeneyo e-nucleotide.
Sebenzisa kwi-Biotechnology
Iimimiselo zee-enzyme zisetyenziswe kwi-biotechnology ukusika i-DNA ibe yimida emancinci ukwenzela ukuba ufunde ukuhlukana kobude bezinto phakathi kwabantu (Ukunqanda i-Fragment Length Polymorphism-RFLP). Ziye zisetyenziselwa i-gene cloning.
Izindlela ze-RFLP zisetyenziselwe ukucacisa ukuba abantu okanye amaqela abantu ngabanye bahluke ngokungafaniyo ekulandeleni imfuza kunye neepatheni zokuqhawulwa kwemida kwiindawo ezithile ze-genome.
Ulwazi malunga nale mimandla eyingqungquthela isiseko se- DNA yeminwe . Ngalunye lwale ndlela lixhomekeke ekusebenziseni i- agarose gel electrophoresis yokuhlula iinqununu ze-DNA. I-TBE buffer, eyenziwe nge-Tris base, boric acid, kunye ne-EDTA, isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-agarose gel electrophoresis ukuhlola iimveliso ze-DNA.
Iintlobo zeSithintelo zeezyme
Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuthintela i-enzymes. Uhlobo Ndiyichitha i-DNA kwiindawo ezingaqhelekanga ukufikelela kuma-1000 okanye ngaphezulu kwezibini ezivela kwisiza ekuqaphelisweni. Uhlobo lwe-III luhlutha malunga nama-25 eebini ezikwindawo ezivela kwisiza. Iintlobo ze-I kunye ne-III zifuna ii-ATP kwaye zinokuba ne-enzyme ezinkulu ezinamaqela amaninzi. Uhlobo lwe-enzyme II, olusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-biotechnology, ukusika i-DNA ngaphakathi ngokulandelelana ngokulandelelana ngaphandle kwemfuneko ye-ATP kwaye incinci kwaye ilula.
Uhlobo lwe-II lokunqanda i-enzymes lubizwa ngokuba yizilwanyana ze-bacteria ezivela kuzo. Ngokomzekelo, i-enzyme i-EcoRI yayingabikho kwi- E . coli . Uninzi loluntu luyaqhelana no- E. coli ukuphazamiseka kokutya.
Uhlobo lwe-II lokunciphisa i-enzymes lungavelisa iintlobo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zokucutha kuxhomekeke ekubeni ngaba zigawula zombini iiplanga kwiziko lokulandelelana ngokulandelelana okanye isondlo ngasinye sisondele ekupheleni kwesiganeko sokuqaphela.
Ukunqunyulwa kwangaphambili kuya kuvelisa "iziphelo eziphosakeleyo" kungekho nucleotide overhangs. Okukugqibela kudala "okunamathelayo" okanye "okudibaniseneyo" kuphelile ngenxa yokuba ngasinye isiphako seDNA sinomdaka onokubonga ezinye iinqununu. Zombini zi luncedo kwi-genetics ye-molecular ekwenzeni i -DNA ephindaphindiweyo kunye neeprotheni.
Le fomu ye-DNA iphuma ngenxa yokuba iveliswa yi-ligation (ukudibanisa kunye) kunye nemigca ehlukeneyo eyahlukileyo.