Ziziphi i-enzyme? kwaye ba sebenza njani?
Ukuqonda isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi wee-enzymes, kubalulekile ukubaluleka ukuba ukwazi ukuba yiziphi i-enzyme ezichanekileyo. Ukubeka nje, i-enzyme iiprotheyini ezithatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zamathambo ezinokukwazi ukuphucula izinga lokuphendula phakathi kwe-bio-molecules. Ubomi abuyi kuba khona ngaphandle kobukho bama-enzyme.
Ziziphi i-enzymes kunye nento eyenza ukuba zikhetheke ?
Iimvumi ezininzi zivame ukuchukumisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okungenakwenzeka nakwezinye izinto ngokunciphisa amandla okusebenza kwinqanaba "elithengekayo" yeseli.
Ezinye i-enzyme ziyakwazi ukuguqula ukuphendula (okanye ama-reactants) ukusuka kwisikhokelo ngokuqhelekileyo kuthatha ngokunciphisa amandla okusebenza (EA) ukuya kwindlela umphendulela uthanda ngayo ukulandelelana.
Ii-enzyme ziyakunqandwa ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokucoca amaprotheni . Ukucocwa kwe-enzyme ukulungiswa kubalwa ngokuqulunqa umsebenzi othile.
Ukubunjwa kwama-Enzyme
Ii-enzyme zinokulinganiswa kwee-molecular ukusuka ku-10 000 ukuya kwi-1 yezigidi. Isisindo somzimba sisisombululo sesisindo se-athomu se-athomu ze-molecule. Kwi-chemistry, eli gama lithetha ukuba lisebenzise ngokungafaniyo kunye ne-molecular molecular. Ezinye i-enzyme zinezilinganisi zeeleksi eziwela ngaphantsi kwoluhlu oluchazwe ngasentla.
Inani elincinci le-enzyme ayikho iiprotheni kodwa iqulethe i-molecule ye-RNA. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-enzyme iindawo ezininzi zeprotheyini eziyinkimbinkimbi ezenziwe ngamanani amaninzi eeprotheyini.
Ama- enzyme amaninzi avuselela ukusabela ngaphandle koncedo, kodwa ezinye zifuna enye into engekhoyo-protein ebizwa ngokuba yintsebenziswano.
Ama-co-factors angaba ion ezingaqhelekanga ezifana neFeli 2+ , iMg 2+ , Mn 2+ , okanye i-Zn 2+ , okanye i-molelo-organiclo-organic molecules ebizwa ngokuba yi-cozy enzymes.
Iimpawu zee-Enzymes zichongwa
Ii-enzyme zihlelwa ngokweendlela ezithintekayo ngayo. Iiklasi ezithandathu zilandelayo: i-oxidoreductase, i-transfers, i-hydrolases, i-lyases, i-isomerases, ne-ligases.
I-Hydrolases, i-oxidoreductases, kunye nokudluliselwa kwezona zihlobo ezininzi ze-enzymes, ngelixa iifomu ezisele ze-enzyme aziqhelekanga.
I-Oxidoreductase ichithisa ukuphendula kwe-oxidation apho i-electron ihamba ukusuka kwelinye i-molecule ukuya kwelinye. Utshintshiselwano luchukumisa ukuthuthwa kweqela elisebenzayo ukusuka kwelinye i-molecule ukuya kwelinye. Ama-enzyme e-Hydrolase avuselela i-hydrolysis okanye inkqubo apho amabhondi athile aphuhliweyo xa kuhlaselwa emanzini.
IiLyase ziyi-enzymes ezikhuthaza ukugqitywa kweebhondi ezahlukeneyo ngeendlela ngaphandle kwe-hydrolysis kunye ne-oxidation, ngokuqhelekileyo ukwakha intsebenziswano emibini okanye isakhiwo esitsha sesandi. I-Isomerases yenza ukuba kubekho utshintsho olusesikweni kwi-molecule, obangela ukutshintsha kwimilo. Iigigasi ziphethe i-catalysis ye ligation, eyaziwa ngokuba yinhlanganisela yeesibini, okanye ama-reactants.
Imizekelo yeeNzyme
Utywala we-dehydrogenase yi-enzyme ye-oxidoreductase eguqula utshwala kwi-aldehydes okanye i-ketone. Le enzyme yenza utshwala obuncitshisileyo njengoko luphulaphula. Ikwadlala indima ephambili kwinkqubo yokuqumba.
I-Aminotransferases yi-transfases ezenza ukuba i-amino acid ihlaziye ngokuchithwa ngokususa ama-amino.
I-glucose-6-phosphatase yi-hydrolase esusa iqela le-phosphate kwi-glucose-6-phosphate, ishiya i-glucose ne-H 3 PO 4 .
I-pyruvate decarboxylase yi-lyase esusa i-CO 2 kwi-pyruvate.
I-Ribulose i-phosphate epimerase yi-isomerase eyenza i-interconversion ye-ribulose-5-phosphate kunye ne-xylulose-5-phosphate. Kwaye, ekugqibeleni, i-hexokinaseis i ligase eyenza ukuxubana kwe-glucose ne-ATP kunye ne-glucose-6-phosphate kunye ne-ADP.