Ubutyala, Indlela abaLawula ngayo i-Fed, Iintlanzi, izibonda, kunye neeRatiyo

Indlela Elawulayo Uqoqosho kunye Nezimali Zakho

Ubutyala ngumlinganiselo wemali efumaneka ngokukhawuleza ukutyalomali kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemali. Iqulethe ngemali, iimali-zimali zeeNondyebo, amanqaku kunye nezibophelelo kunye nayo nayiphi na enye impahla leyo ingathengiswa ngokukhawuleza. Ukuthengwa kwexabiso eliphezulu kwenzeka xa kukho ezininzi zezi zinto. Ubuncwane obuphantsi okanye obunqambileyo xa imali ibophelelwe kwiimpahla ezingekhoyo. Kwenzeka kwakhona xa amaxabiso enzala aphakamileyo, kuba oko kwenza ukuba kubize ukuthenga imali.

Ixabiso eliyinkunzi likhoyo lokutyalomali ngamashishini okanye ngabanye. Iquka ixabiso elinamanzi njengemali kunye nekhredithi. Ikwabandakanya iimpahla ezingezizo ezikhoyo ezinjengamasheya, indawo yokuhlala, iimali-mboleko eziphezulu. Kungenxa yokuba amaziko amakhulu ezemali enza ukuba ininzi-mali ithande ukusebenzisa imali eboleweyo.

Nangona abathengi ngokuqhelekileyo bakhetha i-credit and loans. Ukususela kwiRest Recession, baye bahamba kwi- credit card . Esikhundleni salowo, basebenzisa amakhadi e-debit , uhlolo, okanye imali ukuze baqiniseke ukuba banako ukuthenga ukuthenga kwabo. Baye baxhamla inzuzo yemali ephantsi-mboleko yokuthenga iimoto nokufumana imfundo. Ngokukhawuleza ukuthetha ukuba ngaba ukusetyenziswa kweendleko zabathengi basisigxina, okanye nje ukuphendulwa komhlaba.

Indlela yoLawulo lweMali yoTywala

I- Federal Reserve ilawula utywala kunye nomgaqo-mali. Ilinganisa ukuthengiswa kwemali kunye nokunikezelwa kwemali , njenge-M1, M2, kunye neM3. Ikhokela iirhafu zentsholongwane zesikhashana kunye nezinga lokuxhaswa kwemali .

I-Fed isebenzisa imisebenzi evulekileyo yemarike ekuchaphazela ukuveliswa kwezibophelelo zexesha elide. Yakha ixabiso elininzi lokuthengiswa kwempahla kunye nokunciphisa okwenziwe . I-Injected injected $ 4 trillion kwizoqoqosho ngokuthenga iziqinisekiso zebhanki, njenge-Treasurys.

Xa amaxabiso aphantsi, i-capital is available kalula. Ixabiso eliphantsi liyanciphisa umngcipheko wokuboleka ngoba ukubuya kuphela kuphakamileyo kunomyinge wenzala.

Oku kwenza utyalo-mali lukhangeleke kakuhle. Ngale ndlela, ukuthengiswa kwemali kubangela ukukhula koqoqosho .

Glutity Glut

Ubutyebi obuphezulu bubhekiselele ukuba kukho inkunzi enkulu. Kodwa kukho into eninzi kakhulu. Ubuncwane bubuncwane xa lukhula xa kukho imali eninzi kakhulu efuna ukutsalwa imali. Oku kubangela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso . Njengoko imali engabizi ichithwa imali encinci kwaye incinci-mali-mali, ke amaxabiso aloo asethi ayanda. Akunandaba nokuba iindlu, igolide , okanye iinkampani eziphezulu.

Oku kukhokelela ekubeni " ukunyaniseka okungekho nto ." Abatyalomali bacinga nje ukuba amaxabiso aya kuphakama. Wonke umntu ufuna ukuthenga ukuze angaphuthelwa ngaphandle kwengeniso. Bakha ibhola le-asethi .

Ekugqibeleni, i-glut ye-liquidity means more of this capital is invested in projects. Njengoko amashishini ahamba ahlawulekanga kwaye ahlawule ukubuyela kwawo okuthembisiwe, abatyali-mali bashiywe bephethe iimpahla ezingenanto. I-Panic iyaqhubeka, okubangelwa ukuhoxiswa kwemali yotyalo-mali. Amanani anqamle, njengoko abatyali-mali batshabalalisa ukuba bathengise phambi kokuba amanani aqhube phambili. Yilokho okwenzekayo ngeemali ezixhaswe ngemali ngexesha le- subprime mortgage crisis . Esi sigaba somjikelezo wezoshishino kuthiwa ukunyanzelwa koqoqosho . Ngokuqhelekileyo kukhokelela ekuhlaleni .

Ubuncwane obunqamlekileyo buphambene nobutyebi obugciniweyo.

Kuthetha ukuba akukho mali eninzi ekhoyo, okanye ukuba iyabiza. Ngokuqhelekileyo kubangelwa iirhafu eziphezulu. Kuyakwenzeka kwakhona xa ibhanki kunye nabanye ababolekisi benqikaza ngokwenza imali mboleko. Amabhanki abe ngumngcipheko xa sele sele eneengxowa-mboleko ezimbi kwiincwadi zabo.

Utywala

Umgibe wecala xa umgaqo-nkqubo we-Federal Reserve wemali ungenzi ixabiso elikhulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka emva kokunciphisa. Iintsapho kunye namashishini ayesaba ukuchitha, kungakhathaliseki ukuba kukho imali engakanani.

Abasebenzi banenkxalabo yokuba baya kulahla imisebenzi yabo, okanye abanakufumana umsebenzi ohloniphekileyo. Bahlawula imali yabo, bahlawula amatyala, kwaye bagcine endaweni yokuchitha. Amashishini ayesaba imfuno iya kulahla ngaphezulu, ngoko ayingabali okanye atyala imali ekuwandiseni. Amabhanki akhankanya imali ukuze abhale phantsi iimali-mboleko ezibi kwaye angabi nako ukubolekisa.

Ukuchaswa kwenza ukuba, balinde amaxabiso ukuba awele ngaphambi kokuchitha. Njengoko lo mjikelo onobuqili uqhubela phambili, uqoqosho lubanjwe kumgibe wokucoca.

IMarike yobutyebi

Kutyalo-mali, ukuthengiswa kwemali kukuthi i-asethi ingathengiswa njani ngokukhawuleza ngemali. Emva kweengxaki zemali ka - 2008 , abanini bezindlu bafumene ukuba izindlu zalahlekelwa ngumbane. Kungenxa yokuba intengo yasekhaya yawela phantsi kwe-mortgage loan. Abaninzi abaninikwa kufuneka bavumele ukuba ikhaya lixakeke phambili, lahlekelwe lonke utyalo-mali. Ngethuba lokunyuka kwemali, abanye abanikazi bezindlu bafumanisa ukuba abazange bakwazi ukuthengisa ikhaya labo nayiphi na imali.

Amasheya angaphezulu kwamanzi ngaphezu kwendawo yokuhlala. Ukuba isitokethi sinokubaluleka ngaphantsi kokuhlawulwa kwakho, unokubangela ukulahlekelwa yerhafu. Ukongezelela, unokuhlala ufumana umntu ukuba athenge, nokuba ngaba iipenisi kuphela kwi-dollar.

Iimpawu zoLungiso

Amashishini asetyenziswa ukulinganiswa kwamanzi ukulinganisa impilo yabo yezemali. Ezi zintathu zibalulekileyo zi:

1. Ukulinganiswa kwamanje Inquma ukuba inkampani inakho ukuhlawula lonke ityala lexeshana elifutshane kunye nemali enayo ngokuthengisa impahla yalo.
2. Ukukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza - Kuyafana nokulinganisa okwangoku, kusetyenziswa kuphela imali, i-akhawunti efunyenweyo kunye nemigangatho / iibhondi. Inkampani ayikwazi ukubandakanya nayiphi nayiphi iindleko okanye iindleko ezihlawulwa kuqala ezingenakuthengiswa ngokukhawuleza.
3. Ukuxhaswa kwemali - Njengoko igama lithetha, inkampani inokusebenzisa kuphela imali yayo ukuhlawula ityala layo. Ukuba umlinganiselo wekheshi unye okanye umkhulu, oko kuthetha ukuba ishishini aliyi kuba neengxaki zokuhlawula ityala layo, kwaye lininzi lokuthengiswa.