Inzala Eyona Namandla Emandla Ehlabathini
I- Federal Reserve isebenzisa isantya semali esondliwe njengesixhobo sokulawula ukukhula koqoqosho lwe-US.
Oku kwenza ukuba kubekho inzala ebaluleke kakhulu kwihlabathi.
Amabhanki asebenzisa isantya semali esondliwe ukusekela zonke iirhafu zentsholongwane. Iquka i- London Interbank Offering Rate , ebizwa ngokuba yiLibor . Leyo yintlawulo yeebhanki ihlawulana enye inyanga, inyanga ezintathu, inyanga ezintandathu, kunye nemali-mboleko yeminyaka emnye.
Iibhanki zikwazisa kwakhona izinga lokubaluleka kwizinga leemali ezidliwayo. Amabhanki ahlawula abathengi bawo abalungileyo kwizinga eliphezulu. Yileyo ndlela ukunyuswa kwezinga leemali kuchaphazela ezinye iirhafu . Ezi ziquka intlawulo yemali kwiifomethi, iimali-mboleko zebhanki, amakhadi enkoleko kunye nemali-mboleko yokuguqula imali .
Iimali zentsholongwane zesikhathi eside zichaphazelwa ngqo. Abatyalomali bafuna inqanaba eliphakamileyo kwiNqaku leNondyebo elide. Izivuno kumanqaku eziNondyebo ziqhuba iirhafu zentsholongwane yokuhlala emithandathu.
Isantya semali esondayo samanje i-1.75 pesenti. Ikomidi leSouthern Open Market laphakamisa kathathu ngo-2017, kanye ngo-2016, kwaye kanye ngoDisemba 2015.
Ngaphambi ko-2015, izinga lalingama-zero ekhulwini ukususela ngo-Disemba 16, 2008. I-FOMC yanciphise ukulwa neengxaki zemali ngo-2008 . I-Fed yayidla ngokukhawuleza ngamaxesha angama-10 kwiinyanga ezili-14 zangaphambili. Eyona nto iphakamileyo yayingama-20 ekhulwini ngo-1979. Yilapho iFed Chair Paul Volcker isisebenzisa njengesixhobo sokulwa nemali.
Imilinganiselo ephakamileyo yemali ephakamileyo kunye ne-lows ifunyenwe kwizinga leemali ezidityanisiweyo .
Ingaba isebenza kanjani
Amabhanki anelungelo lokufunwa kwi-ofisi yeofisi ye-Fed okanye kwimigangatho yabo. Ukuba ibhanki imfutshane nemali ekupheleni kosuku, iboleka ebhankini ngemali eyongezelelweyo. Isantya semali esondliwe yintoni iibhanki ezixhasana ngazo ukuze zibolekwe ngokukhawuleza ukuba zihlangabezane nale mivuzo. Imali ebolekwayo kunye nebolekayo yaziwa njengemali ye- federal .
Ikomidi leSouthern Open Market libeka ithagethi kwizinga lokuxhaswa kwemali. Ayikwazi ukunyanzelisa iibhanki ukuba isebenzise umlinganiselo wayo. Kunoko, isebenzisa imisebenzi evulekileyo yemarike ukunyusa ixabiso lemali elondliwe ekujoliswe kuyo.
Ukuba i-FOMC ifuna isantya esezantsi, i-Fed ithenga iziqinisekiso ezivela kwiibhanki zayo. Ibeka inkokhelo kwiibhanki zamabhanki, zinika iindawo ezininzi zokugcina iimfuno kunokuba zifuna. Oko kuthetha ukuba iibhanki kufuneka zinciphise umlinganiselo weemali zokutya ukuboleka imali eyongezelelweyo omnye komnye. Yileyo ndlela i-Fed iyanciphisa amaxabiso omdla .
Xa iFed ifuna amazinga aphezulu, ahluke. Ithengisa iibhanki zayo kwiibhanki kwaye ngoko isusa imali kwi-balance sheet. Oku kunika amabhanki amancinci ambalwa okubavumela ukuba banyuswe amaxabiso. Ukususela ngo-2015, i-Fed iphakanyise amaxabiso omdla .
Enye indlela elawula ukunyuka kwamaxabiso .
Indlela i-Fed isebenzisa ngayo ukuLawula uQoqosho
I-FOMC ishintshisa izinga lokunyusa imali ukulawula ukunyuka kwamaxabiso nokugcina ukukhula koqoqosho olusempilweni . Amalungu e-FOMC abukela izibonakaliso zezoqoqosho malunga neempawu zokunyuka kwamaxabiso okanye ukunyuka kwemali . Isalathisi esibalulekileyo sokunyuka kwamaxabiso yintengo yexabiso lentengo . Isibonakaliso esibalulekileyo sokunciphisa i-recession ngxelo yezinto ezihlala njalo .
Ingathabatha iinyanga ezili-12 ukuya kwezi-18 ukuze utshintsho lwezinga lokunyusa imali luchaphazele uqoqosho lonke. Ukucwangcisa phambili, i-Fed iye yaba yingcali yesizwe ekubikezelweni koqoqosho. I-Federal Reserve iqesha abasebenzi abangama-450, malunga nesiqingatha sazo i-Ph.D. qoqosho.
Xa iFed iphakamisa amazinga, ibizwa ngokuba ngumgaqo-mali we-contractionary policy . Isilinganiso semali esondlo esiphezulu sithetha ukuba amabhanki awanako ukuboleka imali ukuze agcine iindawo zabo zokugcina kwizinga eligunyaziwe.
Oko kuthetha ukuba baya kuboleka imali encinci, kwaye imali ababolekayo iya kuba ngezinga eliphezulu. Kungenxa yokuba baboleka imali kwizinga eliphezulu lemali yokutya ukuze balondoloze iimpahla zabo. Ekubeni iimali-mboleko zinzima ukufumana kwaye zibiza kakhulu, amashishini angeke ahlawulwe. Oku kuya kuncitshiswa koqoqosho.
Xa oku kwenzeka, i-mortgage rate rate adjustable is expensive. Abakwa-Homebuyers banakho ukuthenga iimali-mboleko ezincinci, ezithintela uphuhliso lwezindlu. Ixabiso lezindlu liyahla. Abanini-bendlu banamalungelo angaphantsi kwimizi yabo kwaye baziva behluphekile. Bachitha imali encinci, ngokunjalo bephucotha umnotho.
Xa i-Fed iyanciphisa isantya, kwenzeka okuchasene. Amabhanki anakho ukuboleka komnye nomnye ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabo zokugcina xa amaxabiso aphantsi. Amanani ekhadi lokuthenga ngekhredithi ahla, ngoko abathengi bathengisa ngaphezulu. Ngetyala elincinci leebhanki, amashishini akwandisa. Oko kubizwa ngokuba ngumgaqo-mali wezemali .
Ukuhlawulwa kwemali-mboleko yasekhaya kuya kuhlambulula kwaye kuphucula imakethi yezindlu. Abaninikhaya baziva becebile kwaye bachitha ngaphezulu. Bangakwazi kwakhona ukuthatha imali-mboleko yemakhaya ngokulula. Basebenzisa le mboleko ukuthenga intuthuko ekhaya kunye neemoto ezintsha. Ezi zenzo zikhuthaza uqoqosho.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, abatyala-mali bemarike bemasheya babukela iintlanganiso ze-FOMC zenyanga. Ukuhla kwekota lesine kwinqanaba lemali elondayo likhuthaza ukukhula koqoqosho kwaye ithumele iimarike eziphezulu. Ukuba ivuselela ukukhula okukhulu, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kuya kungena.
Ukwanda kwekota yesine kwinqanaba lemali elondliwe liza kuthintela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso . Kodwa kunganciphisa ukukhula nokunyuka kweemarike. Abahlalutyi bezithuthi baphatha yonke into ekhulunywe ngabani na kwi-FOMC ukuzama nokufumana inkcazelo malunga ne-Fed ezokwenza.
Ixabiso leFund Funds, Ixabiso lokuThatshulwa, kunye nezinye iilwimi
I- Federal Reserve inamanye amathuluzi amaninzi ukongeza kwinqanaba lemali elondliwe. Unesilinganiso sokunciphisa esigcina ngaphezu kwezinga lemali elondliwe. Yilokho iFed ityala iibhanki ukuba ibolekelwe kuyo ngokuthe ngqo ngefestile yokuphuhlisa . Yakha isobho se-alphabet yeenkqubo zokulwa neengxaki zemali . Uninzi lwezi zinto asisadingeki.
I-Fed isebenzisa ezi zixhobo ukulawula imali yesizwe. Abanye abagxeki baxoxela ukuba i-Federal Reserve ishicilela imali .