IiNkcitho zeMatriki ezikhoyo ngoku

by Kimberly Amadeo

Ixabiso leFund Fund namhlanje li-1.75 Ipesenti

Ireyithi yemali yesigqeba yangoku i-1.75 pesenti. I- Federal Reserve ibonise ukuba iya kuphakamisa amaxabiso ukuya kuma-2 ekhulwini ngo-2018, i-2.5 ekhulwini ngo-2019 kunye ne-3 ekhulwini ngowe-2020. Isantya sibaluleke kakhulu ekuqaliseni imbono yoqoqosho lwe-US .

Ukwehla kwemali kwe-2008 kwabangela ukuba iFed iyanciphise izinga lokulinganisela kwi-0.25 yeepesenti. Oku kusebenza ngokufanelekileyo. Kwahlala khona iminyaka eyisixhenxe de kube nguDisemba 2015, xa i-Fed iphakanyisile amaxabiso enzala kwi-0.5 ekhulwini. Imilinganiselo yokutya yemali ekhutshweyo ilawula iirhafu zentsholongwane yesikhashana. Ezi zibandakanya intlawulo yebhanki ye- prime rate , i- Libor , inqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu kunye nemali-mboleko yenzalo kuphela , kunye namanani ekhadi lesikweletu.

01 I- FOMC iphakanyise umlinganiselo we-1.75 Ipesenti

Ikomiti ye- Federal Open Market yenyusa ixabiso lemali elixhasayo kwikota yekota ukuya kwi-1,75 ekhulwini ngoMatshi 21, 2018

Ukwanda kwezinga lokuqala kweFed emva kokunciphisa kwemali ngomhla kaDisemba 15, 2015, xa iphakanyisiwe kwi-0.5 ekhulwini. I-Fed yaphakamisa izinga ngeli la ndelayo:

Ku-0.75 ekhulwini ngoDisemba 14, 2016.
I-1.0 yeepesenti ngoMatshi o5, 2017
I-1,25 pesenti ngoJuni 14, 2017.
Kuya kuma-1.5 ekhulwini ngo-Disemba 13, 2017.

I-Fed yagqiba igawula inkqubo yayo yokunciphisa ngokunyusa ngo-2013. Yiyo yandisa ukwanda kwezinto zokusebenza ze- Market . I-Fed isenayo i-$ 4 trillion yamatyala kwiincwadi zayo kwi-QE. Ngo-Oktobha 2017, yaqala ukuvumela ukuba ityala linciphise.

02 5 Izinyathelo ezikhusela wena ekukhuliseni amaRhafu enzala

Iirhafu eziphezulu zeFed zichaphazela ukugcina kwakho, ukuthenga kwakho kunye nemali mboleko yakho. Nazi izinto ezintlanu ongakwenza ngoku ngoku ukukhusela iimali zakho.

03 Indlela i-Fed iguqula ngayo i-Fed Funds Rate

I-FOMC iseka ithagethi yezinga lokuxhaswa kwemali kwiintlanganiso eziqhelekileyo. Amabhanki athethelelana ngeli nqanaba xa ebolekisana ngemali. Lezo zibhanki zemali-mboleko zenza omnye nomnye ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ze-Fed. Ngokwenene, iibhanki zibeke ezi ntlawulo, kungekhona i-Federal Reserve. Kodwa iibhanki zivame ukulandela nayiphi na izinga iFed isetyenzisiweyo.

04 Indlela iFund Funds Imali Isebenza ngayo

I-FOMC ijolise iqanaba elithile kwizinga lokuxhaswa kwemali. Eli nqanaba lichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ezinye iirhafu zexesha elifutshane ezifana neentlawulo, iimali-mboleko zebhanki, iirhafu zemali yamatyala kunye nemali-mboleko yokuguqula imali. Ngokunciphisa isantya semali esondliwe ngokukhawuleza ngexesha leengxaki zemali ka - 2008 , i-Fed igcine imali ekhoyo kwiibhanki. Yayibhengeza kwiimarike zemali eza kuthatha isinyathelo ngokuzimisela ukuba zigcine zisebenza.

05 Njani ezinye iirhafu ezijongene nazo

Isantya semali esondliwa ngumlinganiselo obaluleke kakhulu okhokelayo kwezoqoqosho kwihlabathi. Ukubaluleka kwayo kungokwengqondo kunye nemali. Enyanisweni, iirhafu ezimbini kuphela ezichaphazelekayo ngqo yintlawulo yokubambisa imali kunye neengeniso ezihlawulwayo . Isivuno kwiNqaku leNondyebo le- 10 leminyaka linquma ixabiso eliqhelekileyo lokuthenga imali. Fumana indlela aba basebenzayo ngayo ekulawuleni ukwehla kwemali kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso .

06 Iimali zeFed Funds yomlando

I-Fed yanciphisa isantya ngesiqingatha sendawo, ukuya kuma-0.25 ekhulwini, ngomhla we-16 kuDisemba, 2008. Ukusika kwangaphambili kubandakanya:

NgoSeptemba 18, 2007: I-1/2 iphuzu lichithwe kuma-4.75 ekhulwini.
Ngo-Oktobha 31, 2007: I-1/4 iphuzu liye lahlulwa kwi-4%.
NgoDisemba 11, 2007: I-1/4 iphuzu liye lahlulwa kuma-4.25 ekhulwini.
NgoJan 22, 2008: I-3/4 iphuzu liye lahlulwa kuma-3.5 ekhulwini.
NgoJan 30, 2008: I-1/2 iphuzu liye lahlulwa kuma-3 ekhulwini.
Mar. 18, 2008: I-3/4 iphuzu liye lahla kwi-2.25 ekhulwini.
Ngo-Apreli 30, 2008: I-1/4 iphuzu liye lahlulwa kwi-2 ekhulwini.
Ngo-Oktobha 8, 2008: I-1/2 iphuzu lichithwe kuma-1.5 ekhulwini.
Ngo-Oktobha 29, 2008: I-1/2 iphuzu lichithwe kwi-1 ekhulwini.

Umgaqo- nkqubo wezemali owandisayo we-Fed wawudingeka ukujongana neengxaki zemali ka - 2008 .

07 Indlela iFed yangenelela ngayo kwiCrisis Crisis

Ngo-Agasti 2007, iibhanki zatshitshisa ukukrityana nezinye iimali, kubangela ukuba izinga leLibor likhuphuke. I-Fed yaqala ukuzama ukuzinzisa le nkxalabo ngokufaka imali kwiwindow yokuphuculwa , enethemba lokuba oku kuza kubuyisa imali kunye nokuzithemba kwiimarike zemali. Xa loo nto yayingasebenzi, iFed yaqaphela ukuba kuyadingeka ukunciphisa izinga lokunyusa imali. Ngo-2008, i-Fed yabhalwa i- Bear Stearns , yathenga i- AIG , kwaye yenza imali engapheliyo ekhoyo kwiibhanki ukukhusela ukuwa kweemarike zehlabathi.

08 Iimali zeRIBOR zamaRhafu

Emva kokuba iFed ikhuphe i-Bear Stearns, yayicinga ukuba le ngxaki iphelile. Ngo-Ephreli 2008, izinga le-Libor laqala ukuhlukana ukusuka kwinqanaba lemali elondliwe. I-Fed iyanciphisa isantya semali esondliwe, kodwa i-Libor yaqhubeka ikhula. Nangona ukuqinisekiswa kwe-Fed, iibhanki zaqhubeka zixhala, kwaye zazingenakulungele ukuboleka omnye nomnye. Beyesaba ukufumana iimali zokubolekwa ngezindlu eziphantsi komhlaba njengento yokubambisa. Ngo-Oktobha 2008, izinga lokuxhaswa kwemali lalingamaphesenti ama-1.5, kodwa i-Libor yayingama-4.3 ekhulwini. Le yinkxwaleko yemali ka-2008.

Iimali ezithintekayo zenzalo ezili-9 Yenza amaBlue Asset endaweni ye-Inflation

Abantu abaninzi banenkxalabo yokuba iinkqubo ze-Fed zokuvuselela ziya kudala ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Kodwa akuzange kwenzeke, kuba i-Fed inxeba uninzi lweeprogram ezalathisa ubukhulu bezoqoqosho kwihlabathi ngaphandle kokuwa. Kwakhona kwacacisa icebo lokufumana imali i-Fed iqhube kwiibhanki ukususela ngo-Agasti 2007. Kunoko, iipolisi ze-Fed zenze iiblue ze-asethi kwizinto ezingenakulinganiswa kwi- Index Index Price . Ezi zibandakanya izibophelelo, igolide, amasheya kunye nedola.

I-Primer kwiNgxaki yeNgxowa-mali ye-Subprime

Inkcazo yokuqala yokudlulela kwezomnotho yayiza kwikharityhulam yezindlu, xa i- subprime mortgage yaqala ukungafi. Ngethuba lexesha le-estate boom, iimali zokubolekwa kwemali zenziwa kubabolekisi be-subprime ngembali yengeniso yamatyala. Ezi mboleko zifihliwe kwiipakethi ezithengiswa ngamabhanki kwimarike yesibini. Iimali zeHedge , iibhanki kunye nabanye abatyali-mali bathenga, becinga ukuba batyalo-mali obuqinileyo kuba i-arhente yokulinganisa i-credit ezifana ne-Standard & Poor yatsho njalo.

Xa ababolekisi bebenzileyo, iifenimali zemali ezinjengeLehman Brothers zaphazamiseka. Oku kwabangela ukwethuka, kuba akukho mntu wayazi ngokwenene ingxaki enkulu.

11 Ukusebenza kweeNkcazo azizange zancedise iiNdlu

I-Operation Twist yayiyi-$ 400 yezigidigidi zeprogram eza kufuneka zikhulise imakethi yezindlu kunye nokukhula kwezoqoqosho. Kodwa ngaba kunjalo? I-Fed yathenga iibhiliyoni zeemali ezixhaswe ngemali evela kwiibhanki. Xa ezi zikhula, i-Fed ithenge enye. Ilungile lonto. Kodwa inxalenye yesibini ye-Operation Twist-"i-twist" -yilungiselelwe ukugcina amaxabiso omda wexesha elide. I-Fed ithungiswe kwiimali-mali ezifutshane zexesha elifutshane elithe lagcinwa, zisebenzisa imali yokuthenga amanqaku kunye neebhondi zexesha elide.

Ngelishwa, iFed ayizange ihlangabezane neengxaki zangempela kunye nezindlu: ukuvalwa kwangaphambili kwipayipi. Ayikwazi ukudala imfuno , kwaye akukho mntu ufuna ukuthenga indlu ukuba bayazi ukuba akuyi kunyuka kwixabiso. Ngenxa yeso sizathu, i-Fed's Operation Twist yayifana nokuchukumisa umtya, kwaye ayizange incede indlu.

I- Inflation Ebuzwa Imibuzo Ebuzwayo

Usihlalo we- Fed wangaphambili uBen Bernanke uthe indima ephambili yebhanki yeyona ebalulekileyo kukulawula ukulindela koluntu ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Oku kuthetha ukuba kwimpumelelo yezoqoqosho, i-Fed ingaba nenqanaba eliphezulu lemali yokunciphisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Oko kwenza ukulungeleka kwe-Fed ukunciphisa isantya semali esondliwe ngokukhawuleza yonke into emangalisayo. Funda indlela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kukuchaphazela ngayo nendlela i-Fed ilawula ngayo.