Ziziphi iimpawu ezi-10 eziphezulu zeShumi?

by Kimberly Amadeo

Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu yeendaba zeMali zeendaba

Iziganeko ezungeze iRest Recession zacima ezinye iindaba zeendaba zemali kule minyaka elishumi edlulileyo. Thatha ukuhamba emva kwexesha. Ngubani obengacinga ngo-2007 ukuba kwakuya kutshintsha kangangoko kwiminyaka eyi-10 nje?

01 2007: Iingxaki zezindlu

Abaninzi abanamakhaya abanesigidi ezili-10 balahlekelwa amakhaya abo ngexesha le-subprime mortgage crisis. Ixabiso lezindlu liye lawa ngo-2006. Ngelo xesha, i- Federal Reserve yaphakamisa amaxabiso enzala . Abaninimzi abanamakhaya babenemilinganiselo yee-mortgages ezithintekayo ezilandelelanisa imali yokutya kunye nokusetha emva kweminyaka embalwa yokuqala. Abanini bezindlu baxhamla ngokuhlawulwa ngokukhawuleza. Abazange bathengise izindlu zabo kuba amaxabiso awela phantsi kwexabiso lokuthenga imali. Ngoko, iibhanki zavalwa, zibaphoqele ukuba ziphume emakhaya abo. Iinkqubo zikaRhulumente zokulondoloza abanini bezindlu zahluleka.

02 2008: I-Global Banking System yayeka ukusebenza

NgoMvulo, ngoSeptemba 15, 2008, uLehman Brothers wamemezela ukutshatyalaliswa. Lo ube ngumhla emva koNobhala weNondyebo uPaulson uthe akusayi kuphinda kuhlawulelwe. Wenqaba ukukhusela urhulumente kwi-Lehman $ 60 yezigidi kwizinto ezingenakuqinisekiswa kwempahla ekuthengiseni ngeveki kunye nabathengi beBarlay kunye neBhanki yaseMelika. Ngelo xesha, wacinga ukuba imali yayininzi kakhulu, kwaye wayecinezelwa ukuba agcine urhulumente ekhoneni. Ngoku, kubonakala ngathi amazambane ezincinane. Abazalwana bakaLehman baxakeka bhangele iibhanki zehlabathi, ezikhokelela kwi-Great Recession.

NgoLwesithathu ngo-Septemba 17, iibhanki zishiye i-$ 160 yezigidigidi kwii-akhawunti zemarike ezikhuselekileyo zemali. Amabhanki ayekhokelela imali yokubhalwa kweebhondi kwiingxowa-mboleko ezimbi kunye nokuhoxiswa kwiimali zebhanki. Ekupheleni kweveki, ibhanki ibanjwe i-$ 190 billion ngekheshi, ngokuchasene nokugcinwa kwemali eyi-$ 2 yezigidigidi. Ukukhutshwa kwakhokelela ekunyuseni kwi- LIBOR , echaphazela i-$ 360 trillion kwimali-mboleko kunye neempahla zekhadi lesikweletu. Ukukhishwa kwekhredithi kubangele ukungabikho kwemali kwamashishini amaninzi. Ekuphenduleni, i- Federal Reserve iyanciphisa ixabiso lentengo kwi-zero, ukunciphisa i-LIBOR. Nangona kunjalo, iibhanki ziyaqhubeka zigcina imali namhlanje ukubhalwa kwangaphambili.

03 2008: Ukukhwabanisa kweMashishini yeMpahla

Ngomhla ka-Septemba 29, 2008, i-Dow Jones Industrial Average yawa ngamanqaku angama-777, inqaku elikhulu kunazo zonke. Ukususela ngo-Oktobha 9, 2007 no-Matshi 6, 2009, umyinge we- Dow Jones weZibonelelo weZibonelelo wehla u-50%. Oku bekuye kuncipha kunazo zonke ukusukela kwiNkqantosi enkulu , xa iDow yawa ngama-80 ekhulwini. Kwenzeke kwiinyanga ezili-17 kuphela, ngeli xesha ukuhla kweNtlupheko enkulu kuthethwe iminyaka emithathu.

04 2008: Iibhiliyoni kwiBailouts

NgoSeptemba 18, 2008, uNobhala weNondyebo uHank Paulson kunye noSihlalo we-Federal Reserve uBen Bernanke bacela iCongress ukuba iphakheji enkulu yokukhupha i- Depil Depression . Ngo-Oktobha 3, iSeti yadlulisela i-bill ye-700 billion ye-billing bill, eyaziwa ngokuba yi- TARP . Le nkqubo yenzelwe ekuqaleni ukuthenga iimali ezinobuthi ezivela kwiibhanki, ukukhulula imali ngemali mboleko. Nangona kunjalo, kwakuthatha ixesha elide ukuphumeza, ngoko ngo-Oktobha 14, uNondyebo wasebenzisa i-$ 350 yezigidi zeNkqubo yokuThengwa kweNtengo , eyathenga i- stock preference kwiibhanki ezinkulu.

NgoLwesibini, ngoSeptemba 16, i-AIG, inkampani ye-inshorensi enkulu yehlabathi, yazisa ukuba iya kuhlawulwa. USihlalo we-Federal Reserve uBen Bernanke uthe ukukhwabanisa kwe-AIG kwamenza unomsindo ngaphezu kwanoma yini enye emdeni. Njengengxowa ye- hedge fund , i-AIG ithatha ingozi kwimveliso engalawulwayo, njenge- swaps default swaps . Yasebenzisa kakubi imali kwi-inshorensi yabantu. I-Fed yenele ukungena ukuwa kwe-3.6 trillion yemali-shishini yemali-shishino yemali, eyatyala imali kwi-AIG kwaye ityala. Iingxowa-mali ezininzi zakwa-AIG nazo zinamashishini ase-AIG.

Umongameli uBarack Obama we-787 yezigidigidi ze- Economic Stimulus iphakheji yafuna ukukhusela ukuvela kwakhona kwenkxalabo eyenza abatyala-mali bathathe ngo-2008. Kwafuneka isetyenziswe ngaphezu kweminyaka emithathu. Ugxeka ngokungalungisi uqoqosho ngokukhawuleza. NgoJulayi 2009, ngaphezu kweebhiliyoni eziyi-179 zeebhiliyoni zabelwe amaziko aseburhulumenteni. Kwakufuneka kuphela ukuchitha i-$ 185 billion ngonyaka we-2009. Yenzelwe ukwandisa ukukhula kwe-GDP ngama-1.4% -3.8% ekupheleni konyaka ka-2009, kwaye ithintele ukulahlekelwa kwemisebenzi yezigidi ezingama-2.3. Ngo-Q3 2009, uqoqosho luya kukhula kuphela .7%, kungekhona i-2.8%, ngaphandle kweNkqubo yoThutho loQoqosho.

05 2011: I-Tsunami yaseJapan neNuclear Crisis

Ngo-Matshi 11, 2011, inyikima enkulu ye-9.0 kunye ne-tsunami ephakamileyo ngamanqina angama-100 yanyusa iJapan ngasentshonalanga-mpuma. Ubuncinane abantu abangama-28 000 bafa okanye balahleka. Abangaphezu kwama-465,000 babefuduswa. Ukwenza izinto zibe zibi nakakhulu, amaza awonakalisa isityalo samandla enyukliya saseFukushima, okwenza i- radioactive leak. "I-Triple Disaster" yabhubhisa umnotho waseJapan . Yonakalise i-nyukliya yelizwe, kwaye yaqinisekisa i-Yurophu ukunciphisa ukuthembela kwayo ngamandla enyukliya. Xa abathengi baseJapan bevale, kwacotha uqoqosho lwamazwe ngamazwe luya kuvela kwiinkathazo zemali ka-2008.

06 2014: I-Obamacare idibanisa i-20 Million

Umthetho ononophelo loNonophelo woLondolozo wandisa ukunikwa kwezempilo kubantu abayizigidi ezingama-20. Basenokufumana ukunyamekelwa kweendleko ezincinci kwizifo ezingapheliyo. Okubakhupha ngaphandle kwamagumbi aphuculayo. Ngenxa yoko, ukunyuka kweendleko zempilo kunciphisa . Oku kunokunceda iUnited States ithole amanqaku angcono ukusuka kwi-World Health Organization. Ngo-2016, indleko ye-US yokunakekelwa kwezempilo yayiphezulu kwihlabathi eliphuhlisiweyo, kunye neqondo lokufa kwabantwana abaselula kakhulu. Wonke amanye amazwe angama-32 aphuhlisiwe ayenonophelo lwempilo jikelele .

07-2015 : I-China i-Emerges njenge-Economy's Greatest Economy

Ngo-2015, iChina yaba ngowona qoqosho . Oko kushintshana ukulinganisela koqoqosho, ukubeka i-European Union yesibini kunye ne-United States yesithathu. I-China nayo iwona mkhulu kunamatyala ase-US . Unayo i-$ 1.2 yezigidi zeeMali zoMzantsi Afrika. Oku kunika amandla. Ngokomzekelo, ngo-Agasti 2007, i-China yayisongela ukuthengisa indawo yayo yokubamba ukuba uxinzelelo lweCongress to raise the value of yuan .

08 2015: Ingxaki yeNgxowa-mali yamaGrisi

Ingxaki yeGrisi yaseGreece yaxwayisa ngengozi ejongene namanye amazwe anetyala. Ngo-2015, iGrisi yaphantse ihlawule ityala layo kwaye yaphuma e-eurozone. Yayibangela ingxaki yamatyala e-Eurozone , idala ukwesaba kweengxaki zemali kwihlabathi . Nangona le nkathazo isisombululo, yafaka ingqalelo ekusebenzeni kweYurophu Union ngokwawo.

09 2017: Iphepho iHarvey ixabisa i-$ 180 Billion

Iphephelo iHarvey yayiyiSigaba se-4 esihlasela iTexas ngo-Agasti 25, 2017. Oku ngaphezu kweyiphi na inhlekelele engokwemvelo kwimbali yase-US, ngaphandle koqikelelo olukhulu lweNkantwa yeKatrina . Urhuluneli waseTexas uGreg Abbott uza kudinga ngaphezu kwe-125 billion yezigidi kwi-federal relief relief. Kwachaphazela abantu abayizigidi ezili-13 base-Texas baseLosana, eMississippi, eTennessee naseKentucky.

10 2018: Iindleko zeMfazwe kwiNkqenkquthela zihlawulela amatyala e-US

Ukuhlaselwa kwe-9/11 kuye kwabangela ukwanda kwemali yokukhusela-okokuqala e-Afghanistan kunye neyesibini e-Iraq. Ngo-2006, iMfazwe yoBugcino yongeze uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwama- $ 600- $ 700 ngonyaka, ukudala uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwama-500 500 ngonyaka. Ngo-2007, ityala liphantse liphindwe kabili kwi-9.2 trillion. Ngo-2018, yongezelela i-$ 2 trillion kwisikolo.