IiNtlekele zeNdalo ziphumo kwi-Economy

by Kimberly Amadeo

IiNtlekele zeNdalo Ziyingozi enkulu kunezobugrogasi

Umbutho wezezimali uWarren Buffett uthe iintlekele zemvelo zinempembelelo enkulu kwezoqoqosho kunobungqonge. Ziquka iziphepho, iinyikima, iindubhu, izikhukhula, ukoma kunye nama-tsunami. Zibiza indleko ye-inshurensi yezigidi. Ukuba baninzi ngokwaneleyo, banokuphungula ukukhula koqoqosho kwiminyaka emininzi. Baya kuphakamisa ukutya kunye nexabiso legesi.

Ukufudumala kwehlabathi , ngokutsho kwe-UN, kwandisa iintlekele zemvelo. Ngo-2017, iziqhumane kunye neempukane zenze iirekhodi ezintsha kwingozi yemvelo yengozi. Kwakukho iziganeko ezili-16 ezibiza ngaphezulu kwe-1 billion yezigidigidi nganye, ukufikelela kwi-$ 306 yezigidigidi.

Mhlawumbi i-Sage ye-Omaha iyavuma ukuba imfazwe yokufudumala kwehlabathi iya kuba yindlela engcono yokusetyenziswa kweemali zombuso ngaphandle kweMfazwe kwiNkqantosi . Uluhlu olungezantsi zezi-13 eziyingozi kakhulu zentlekele zendalo.

Ukuzamazama komhlaba kweJapan kunye neTsunami - i-$ 235 Billion

Uqoqosho lwamaJapan lwalujongene nokubethekiswa okukhulu kwindyikima ye-9-magnitude kunye ne-tsunami eyaphumelela ilizwe ngo-Matshi 11. Kuqikelelwa ukuba abantu abangama-28 000 bafa, kwaye ama-500 000 athunjwa. Yonakalisa isityalo samandla enyukliya saseFukushima, esiye safaka umbane kwi-Ocean Ocean, iphakamisa amanqanaba kumaxesha angama-4 000 umda wezomthetho. Kungathatha inyanga ukuyeka ukuvuza. I-radiation iboniswe ngobisi kunye nemifuno yasemakhaya, kwaye yabonakala ngokufutshane kwiindawo zokusela amanzi eTokyo. I- Bhanki yehlabathi iqikelele ukuba inhlekelele yeJapan yayingadola iiligidi ezingama-235 zamawaka, kwaye ithathe iminyaka emihlanu yokwakha kwakhona.

02 Isiqhwithi uKatrina - i-$ 108 Biliyoni ukuya kuma-250 eBillion

Isikolo seNkqantosi kaZwelonke sichaza umonakalo kaKatrina ngo-$ 108 wezigidigidi, kunye neerandi ezingama-80 zezigidi ezilahlekileyo. Isiqingatha salahleko sasiziphumo zokukhukula eNew Orleans. IYunivesithi yaseNorthern Texas Umsebenzi waseBernard Weinstein ibeke impembelelo yezoqoqosho kwi-250 billion.

03 I- Hurricane Harvey - i-$ 180 Billion

Iphephelo iHarvey yayiyiSigaba se-4 esihlasela iTexas ngo-Agasti 25, 2017. Kwachaphazela abantu abayizigidi ezili-13 base-Texas baseLosana, eMississippi, eTennessee naseKentucky. Ukususela ngoSeptemba 9, 2017, abantu abangama-70 bafile.

04 Iqhwithi Maria - $ 90 Billion

Isiqhwithi uMaria sisiqendu sesi-5 xa sihlasela iDominica ngoSeptemba 18, 2017. NgoSeptemba 20, kwabhubhisa ePuerto Rico, kwikhaya elingama-3.5 yezigidi zaseMerika. Nangona yayidityaniswe kwiSigaba seSiphepho sesi-4, i-R4 billion ibonakalise umonakalo. Uhlawulo olusemthethweni luyi-64, kodwa uhlalutyo lweNew York Times luthi lube ngu-1,052.

05 Iphepho i-Irma - mhlawumbi i-$ 50 Billion

Iqhwithi i-Irma yinkwenkwezi enamandla kakhulu e-Atlantic kwimbali ebhaliweyo. KwakuyiNqanaba lesi-5 isiqhwithi xa senza i-Barbuda ngo-Septemba 6, 2017. Imimoya yayo yayingama-185 ngeyure kwieyure ezingama-37. Okude kunanoma isiphi isiqhwithi esibhaliweyo. Yawa e-Florida e-Septemba ngo-10 kuSeptemba, ibangela ukulimala kwe-$ 50 billion. Ukuba bekuyi-Miami endaweni yoko, umonakalo wawuya kufikelela kwi-$ 300 yezigidigidi.

06 Iphepho iSandy - $ 50 Billion

Iqhwithi uSandy waya eNew Jersey ngomhla we-Oktobha 29, 2012. Kwaye kwadityhulwa kwisiqhwithi esiphezulu, kodwa kwakunomonakalo we $ 50 billion. Kungenxa ye-12 1/2 yeenyawo ezinqabileyo. Yonakalise okanye yabhubhisa amakhaya angama-650,000 kunye nabathengi abayizigidi ezisibhozo abalahlekelwa amandla. Yayivala i- NYSE okokuqala kwiminyaka eyi-27. Ukutshintshiselana ngekhompyutha ngeNew Jersey kuvaliwe iintsuku ezimbini. Isiqhwithi sabulala abantu abayi-159 ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo.

07 Iphepho Ike - i-$ 29.5 Billion

Iqhwithi Ike ixabise i-$ 29.5 billion. Yonakalise iipayipi kwiGulf yaseMexico kwaye yabhubhisa i-10 gulf ye-oil rigs. Zonke ii-refineries ezingama-22 zaseTexas ezisekelwe phantsi komhlaba zavalwa. Le nxalenye yaseTexas ihlala kwikota ye-oil engcolileyo kunye ne-refinery production. Ngenxa yoko, ixabiso legesi liye lalingama-$ 5 ngegolon, okwenza urhulumente avule i- Strategic Petroleum Reserves .

08 Iqhwithi Irene - i-$ 15.8 Billion

Iqhwithi u-Irene washaya i-Outer Banks yaseNorth Carolina ngo-Agasti 26, 2011. KwakuyiNqanaba lesi-2 ngelixesha eliye lahla.

Iziphepheko zilahlekelwa amandla njengoko zihamba ngomhlaba, ngoko u-Irene waba yiNqanaba 1 ngelixa lafika eNew York ngomhla ka-Agasti 27, kunye nesiphango esiphezulu ngexesha lafika eNew England ngeCawa. U-Irene yiyona ntshukumo yokuqala ukuhlasela indawo yaseBoston ukususela ngo-1991.

U-Irene wabulala abantu abangama-20 kwaye wabashiya abantu abayizigidi ezi-4.5 abangenawo amandla. Umonakalo wepropati wawuyi $ 15.8 yezigidigidi. I-economics yaseYunivesithi yaseMalton uPeter Morici iqikelele impembelelo epheleleyo yezoqoqosho kwi-$ 45 billion.

Ukuhlaselwa komhlaba kweHaiti-$ 8.5 eBiliyoni

Phakathi kwabangama-200 000-250,000 abantu babulawa yi-7.3 inyikima yemhlaba eyayichitha iHaiti ngoJanuwari 2010. Leyo yayizi-2 ekhulwini yenani labantu abangamaHaiti ezili-10 ezigidi. Ibhanki ye-Inter-American Development Bank iqikelele ukuba yabiza iiligidi eziyi-8,5 zeebhiliyoni ngokulimaza uqoqosho lweHaiti. Inyikima yenze ukuba i- GDP yelizwe ihlawulane ne-5.1 ekhulwini ngaloo nyaka.

I- Tornado Outbreak - i-$ 5 Billion

Ingqungquthela enkulu yenkqantosi kwimbali yase-US yenzeke ngo-Ephreli 25-27, ngo-2011. Ngelo veki, iingu-305 ezihlaziyileyo zonakaliswe kwi-mpuma-mpuma, zaphula i-1974 irekhodi lama-267. Ukuqhambuka kwabangela ukulimala kwe-$ 5 billion. Elinye iqhwithela elilodwa lonyaka ka-1999 lithengela i-1 billion bhiliyoni kuphela. Nangona iingcali zingavumelani, kukho isizathu sokukholelwa kwezi ziqhamo ezibizayo ziya kuba zibi kakhulu.

11 I- Iceland Volcano - i-$ 5 Billion

Kwentaba yase-Iceland. (Ifoto: AFP)

Amafu e-volcanic kunye nomlotha ovela ngoMeyi 21, 2011, ukuqhuma e-Iceland kusongela i-air traffic eScotland, e-Ireland, eFransi nakwezinye iindawo ezikumntla waseYurophu . Nangona ukuqhuma kwe-Grimsvotn ukukhuphuka komlilo kwakukhulu kunelo nyaka odlulileyo, kwakungeyona nje ingonakalisayo kwezoqoqosho. Kungenxa yokuba umlotha awuzange ube mnandi, kwaye wahlakazeka ngokulula.

I-Eyjafjallajökull yokuqhuma kwe-volcano yase-Iceland ivala iivenyuli zaseYurophu iintsuku ezintandathu, iindleko zeenqwelo zeenqwelo zeenqwelo zeenqwelo zeenqwelo zeenqwelo zeenqwelo-moya ezizigidi ezingama-200 ngosuku Abazange baqinisekiswe ngolu hlobo lokulahleka.

Ukuqhuma kwe-volcanic yase-Iceland kusongela ishishini lokuhamba. Igalela i-1 trillion kwi-Economie yaseYurophu ngonyaka. Ukukhuphuka kwe-2010 kwindleko yenkampani yokuhamba i-R5 billion ukuya kwii-10 ezigidigidi ngeeveki. Xa umoya womoya weYurophu uhamba, usongela ngaphezu nje kwabagibeli. Ukufikelela kuma-40 ekhulwini kweempahla zehlabathi ngexabiso elihamba emoyeni. Iinkampani zonyango, ukuthengiswa kwezinto eziphambili kwixesha elide, kunye nemveliso ye-premium efana ne-Scotch whiskeys ehlala kuyo yonke i-tarmac xa ii-airports zivaliwe.

I- Mississippi yoMkhukula weMlambo - i-$ 2 Billion

Umkhukula weNtshonalanga ka-Mississippi wawungumcimbi weminyaka engama-500. Umonakalo wezoqoqosho wonke ungafikelela kwiibhiliyoni eziliqela. Ngoba? Umlambo waseMississippi ugijima kwiifama ezidlulileyo kunye nezixeko ezintandathu. Umonakalo omkhulu kunomkhukula ungafika xa uphuma eNew Orleans, usaphila kwiNkupho yeKatrina .

13 I-Dust Bowl Isomiso - i-R1 Billion

I-Dust Bowl yayiyindawo eMidwest eyachithwa yimvula ye-1930. Kwakuyindlala enkulu kunazo zonke eNyakatho Melika kwiminyaka engama-300.

Iipatheni zemozulu kwiindawo zase-Atlantic nasePacific zasePacific ziye zatshintsha. IPacific yakhula ipholile kwaye iAtlantic yafudumala. Obuthathaka waza waguqula isikhokelo se-jet stream. Xa umlambo we-jet uhambela ngasentla, imvula evela eGulf yaseMexico ayizange ifike kwiiLwandle eziLwandle.

Isomiso esiphumelayo sabulala izityalo ngokuqhelekileyo zagcina umhlaba endaweni. Imimoya yavuthela amafu amaninzi omhlaba. Yayifaka iindunduma zokungcola kuyo yonke into, iquka izindlu. Uthuli lwonakalisa inxalenye enkulu yemveliso yezolimo yase-US. Oku kwagqithisa ngakumbi ukuCaluleka okukhulu .

Ngaba Ukufudumala Kwehlabathi Kunyusa Ientlekele Zendalo?

Phakathi kowe-1956 kuya ku-2005, izinga lokushisa lomhlaba liphezulu .13 ° C nganye iminyaka elishumi. Oku kungabonakali kuninzi, kodwa oku kuphindwe kabini izinga leminyaka eyi-100 phakathi ko-1906 ukuya ku-2005. I-Antarctic glaciers ilahlekelwa ngumlinganiselo kwizinga "ngokukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza". Imifanekiso yeSatellite eyenziwa phakathi kuka-1992 no-1996 yabonisa ukuba i-Pine Island Glacier yayilahlekelwa ngumlinganiselo kwisantya ezingama-42 ngokukhawuleza kunomyinge kwiminyaka engama-5 000 eyandulelayo.

Amaqondo okushisa aphezulu adala ukulahlekelwa kweemithi ngokubonga kwi-bark beetle, kunye neemeko zemozulu ezinzulu. Isiphumo? Iintlekele zendalo eziqhelekileyo kunye ezinzima.