Kutheni iHarvey, Irma, Maria kunye nezinye iziNtlambo Ziyabhubha
I-United States iyingozi kakhulu kwingozi yomonakalo. Ingaphezulu kweyesithathu kweso sveliso sayo sasekhaya esivela kwilizwe elikuGulf nase-Atlantic ogwini.
Eziquka ii-72 zeechweba zayo, iipesenti ezingama-27 zeendlela zayo eziphambili, kunye neepesenti ezili-9 zomzila walo oololiwe.
I- Ofisi yeBhajethi ye-Congressional iqikelele ukuba i-1.2 yezigidi zaseMerika zihlala kwimimandla yonxweme engozini "yomonakalo omkhulu" kwiindwangu. I-CBO ichaza ukuba njengomonakalo ubuncinane ama-5 ekhulwini wemali engenayo . Ininzi yale ndawo enabantu abaninzi ihlala ngaphantsi kweenyawo ezili-10 ngaphezu kolwandle lolwandle, ngokutsho kweNational Hurricane Centre.
I-CBO iqikelela ukuba, ngokuqhelekileyo, umonakalo oqhutywe ngumbhobho i-$ 28 billion ngonyaka. I-Florida igalela ama-55 ekhulwini, i-Texas i-13 ekhulwini kunye ne-Louisiana iipesenti ezili-9.
Urhulumente wephondo uhlawula iipesenti ezingama-60 zomonakalo wesikhukhula. Uninzi lwalo luvela kwi-arhente ezintathu. I-Federal Emergency Management Agency ihlawula malunga neyesibini kwi-bill yeburhulumente. ISebe lezeNdlu kunye noPhuhliso lweMihlaba kunye ne-US Army Corps yeenjiniya zihlawula ngaphantsi kweyesithathu. Urhulumente kunye noorhulumente bendawo, i-inshurensi, kunye nabantu abazimeleyo bahlawula abanye.
Ngo-2075, iindleko zomonakalo zonyaka zonyuka ziza kufikelela kwi-39 billion yezigidi . Phantse isiqingatha saloo nto izuziweyo ngenxa yenguqu yemozulu , ngelixa esinye isiqingatha sisuka ekuphuculeni ukwanda kunye namanxweme ase-US.
2017 Ixesha leNkqenkqenkqo
Ixesha le-2017 lephepheko lonyaka laliqine kakhulu. Inkqubo ephezulu yomshuwalense igcinwe kwintshona-mpuma ekutshiseni kwamaqondo okushisa ngoSeptemba.
Kwakhona kwagcina umoya opholileyo uvela eCanada ngaphandle kommandla. Iimoya zivame ukuqhuba iziphephelo ukuya elwandle. Enye ingcinezelo ephakamileyo yenziwe ngeBermuda. Okuye kwathumela iziphepho ukuya eFlorida kunye nolwandle olusempumalanga lwase-US.
Isiqhwithi uMaria sisiqendu sesi-5 xa sihlasela iDominica ngoSeptemba 18, 2017. NgoSeptemba 20, kwabhubhisa ePuerto Rico, kwikhaya elingama-3.5 yezigidi zaseMerika. Nangona yayidityaniswe kwiSigaba seSiphepho sesi-4, i-R4 billion ibonakalise umonakalo. Uhlawulo olusemthethweni luyi-64, kodwa uhlalutyo lweNew York Times luthi lube ngu-1,052.
Urhuluneli uRicardo Rossello wacela i $ 94 zeebhiliyoni kwi-federal aid ukubuyisela amandla kunye nezindlu. Abatshutshisi baqikelelwe ukuba iindleko zabo ziya kuba yi-$ 85 yezigidi. U-Maria wagxotha amandla kwisiqithi sonke waza waqothula iinqwelwe zefowuni. Ulawulo lweTrump luya kufuna i-$ 36.5 billion kwi-federal aid inkxaso kunye nokuxolelwa ngamatyala ePuerto Rico. UMaria wenza ubuthathaka ngokwaneleyo ukunyanzelisa igunya lokukhupha abantu abangama-70,000. Kwakunabantu abayi-15 000 abaphoqelelwe kwiindawo zokuhlala ezikarhulumente. UMaria washiya iipesenti ezingama-30 zabantu ngaphandle kwamandla kwiRiphabhliki yaseDominican.
Iqhwithi i-Irma yiyona ntshukumo enamandla kakhulu e-Atlantic kwimbali ebhaliweyo. Ukulimala kwakuyi-$ 50 yezigidigidi.
I-Accuweather isinganiselwa kwiindleko ezipheleleyo kwi-intanethi kwi-$ 100 yezigidigidi. KwakuyiCandelo lesi-5 isiqhwithi xa senze i-Barbuda ngo-Septemba 6, 2017. Imimoya yayo yayingama-185 ngeyure kwieyure ezingama-37, irekhodi elitsha. Kwadityaniswa kwiCandelo 4 ngaphambi kokuba lihlasele iFlorida Keys ngoSeptemba 10. Kwakuyiyokuqala kwiminyaka eyi-100 ukuba izibhukubini ezimbini zididi lwe-4 okanye ezinkulu zibetha kwilizwe lase-United States ngaloo nyaka. UMongameli uTump uvakalise iimeko eziphuthumayo eFlorida, ePuerto Rico, naseVil Virgin Islands. I-Congress yabiza i-$ 35.5 yezigidi ngezimali ezixakekayo. Kulo, i-$ 16 yezigidigidi zixolelwa ngamatyala kuMthetho weNkcitho kaNkcazo kaZwelonke.
Isiqhwithi saseHarvey sasisiqendu sesi-4 esihlasela iTexas ngo-Agasti 25, 2017. Ekuqaleni, uGranta waseGuinea uGreg Abbott uqikelele umonakalo kwi-$ 180 billion. I-National Hurricane Centre yathi inani lokugcina laliyi $ 125 billion.
Kwachaphazela abantu abayizigidi ezili-13 baseTexas baseLouanaana, eMississippi, eTennessee naseKentucky. Abantu abangamashumi asibhozo anesibhozo bafa ngenxa yesiphango. I-Congress yabiza i-$ 15 yezigidigidi ukwenzela ukukhutshwa kweentlekele.
IHarvey yabonakalisa amakhaya angama-200 000, apho ezili-12 700 zachithwa. Abantu abangaphezu kwama-500,000 bacela uncedo lombuso. Isiqhwithi sanyanzelisa iipesenti ezi-5 zesizwe kunye ne-gas production. Ixabiso leGesi liye laphuma kwi $ 2.35 ngegoloni ngaphambi kokuba uHarvey afike kwi $ 2.49 ngegolon.
Zinjani iziNzantya ezibangela ukulimala
Umonakalo wesiqhumane uvela kwimithombo ekhomba. Okokuqala imimoya ephezulu. I-Saffir-Simpson iHighricane Wind Scale yenza ukukhawuleza kwemoya, umonakalo obangelwayo, kunye nokuphuma kwamandla kwiintlobo ezinhlanu.
| Udidi | Umoya wezantya | Ukunyuka kwienyawo | Ukulimala | Ukulimala ekhaya | Umonakalo wesihlahla | Amandla okuphuma |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 74-95 mph | 4-5 | Abanye | Abanye | Amasebe | Iintsuku |
| 2 | 96-110 mph | 6-8 | Kakhulu | Mkhulu | Uhlutha | Iiveki |
| 3 | 111-129 mph | 9-12 | Ezihlaselayo | Mkhulu | Uhlutha | Iiveki |
| 4 | 130-156 mph | 13-18 | Inkathazo | Kakhulu | Ipapashwe | Iinyanga |
| 5 | 157+ mph | 19+ | Inkathazo | Ukutshabalalisa | Ipapashwe | Iinyanga |
Okwesibini isithwathwa. Ukunyuka kwamanzi ngaphezu kwendlela eqhelekileyo yamanzi. Imimoya ephakamileyo yamanqindi igxotha amanzi emanxwemeni. Xa isithwathwa siphezulu sihambelana nomoya ophezulu, ufumana i-storm tide. Isiganeko esingavamile sakha ukubhujiswa ngexesha leNkantyambo uSandy. Amanzi anesisindo esingu-1,700 iipiliti nganye. Amandla esiqhwithi kwaye ubunzima bamanzi budibeneyo bulimaza kakhulu.
Isiqhwithi esingama-23 senyawo sasiza kukhukhula ngamaphesenti angama-67 ase-US, aquka ama-57 eepesenti zendlela ezihamba phambili. Kuza kufikelela kwisiqingatha somzila weekhilomitha, iipropati ezingama-29 kwaye phantse onke amachweba aseGulf Coast.
Okwesithathu imvula enkulu. Iziphepheko ziyakwazi ukuhlahlela ukuya kuma-intshi ayisithupha yemvula ngeyure. I-Hurricane Harvey yachitha i-intshi ezingama-51.88 eCedar Bayou ngo-Agasti 26, 2017. Yiyo irekhodi yesinye isiqhwithi kwilizwekazi lase-United States. Ezi zi-bursts zidala izikhukula ezikhukhulayo. Iingxelo zokukhukula ngamaphesenti angama-59 okufa. Kwakhona kutshabalalisa izixhobo, iimoto kunye namakhaya.
Okwesine indawo. Uninzi lweempuphu zase-US zenziwa kwiGulf naseCaribbean. Iintshukumo zenzeke phezu kolwandle olukufutshane ne-equator. Njengoko umoya othuthuzelayo okhulayo uphuma, umoya omile ophelileyo uphuthuma ukuwubeka endaweni. Ukuba lo mjikelo ukwandisa ngokwaneleyo, kudala isiqhwithi. Xa ezi zivunguvungu zenza ukuwa komhlaba, zilahlekelwa amandla ngaphandle kolwandle olufudumele olwandle olumanzi oluza kubondla.
Okwesibini lixesha lonyaka. Iqhwithi lonyaka livela ngoJuni 1 ukuya kuNovemba 30. Ixesha eliyingozi kakhulu liphakathi ko-Agasti no-Oktobha. Kungenxa yokuba lixesha elincinci lomoya. Iimoya eziphakamileyo zonakalisa iindubane ngaphambi kokuba zenzele ithuba lokwenza.
Isithandathu sikulungele. Amadolophu ashiya abantu bawo aphelelwe ukufa kunye nokubhujiswa kwabantu. Kodwa ukukhutshwa kwamanzi akuthinteli umonakalo wepropati. Uninzi lweziphephelo zingena ekhaya ngegaraji. I-storm-resistant isingenanto engenamaphiko engcango engaphantsi kwama-9 ububanzi obungakwazi ukumelana no-50 okanye ngaphezulu. Abanini bezindlu kufuneka baqinise uphahla lwabo ngeemfesane zephupho. Abakhi abaninzi basebenzisa amafomu ekhonkrithi ekhuselayo endaweni yokwakha amatye. Kwakhona banamathela kwikhaya kwisiseko.
I sixhenxe kunye neyona nto yakutshanje kukufudumala kwehlabathi . Phakathi kowe-1956 kuya ku-2005, izinga lokushisa lomhlaba liphezulu .13 ° C nganye iminyaka elishumi. Oku kungabonakali ngathi kuninzi, kodwa loo nto iphindwe kabini kwiminyaka eyi-100 phakathi ko-1906 no-2005. Ama-glaciers ase-Antarctic alahlekelwe ngumlinganiselo kwizinga "ngokukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza". Oku kwandisa amanqanaba olwandle okwenza kube nzima ukuqhuma kwesiphepho.
Ziziphi iindubhu ezenzeke kakhulu
Isiqhwithi uKatrina sasisona siqhwithi esibangele kakhulu. UNjingalwazi weNyuvesi yaseNorthern Texas uBernard Weinstein ubeka impembelelo yezoqoqosho kwi-250 billion. Yonakalise i-19 ekhulwini ye-oyile yokuvelisa ioli, eyenza ukuba ixabiso legesi liye lifike kuma-dollar ayi-5. Ngenxa yoko, ukukhula koqoqosho kuye kwancipha ukuya kuma-1.3 ekhulwini kwikota emva kukaKatrina. Ehla ukusuka ku-3.8 kweepesenti ukukhula ngaphambi kwesiqhwithi.
Iziko leNkqantosi kaZwelonke liqikelele umonakalo owenziwe kwi-125 125 billion. Isiqingatha salahleko sasiziphumo zokukhukula eNew Orleans. UKatrina wabetha eLouisana ngoAgasti 29, 2005. Kwashiya abantu abayi-1,836 bafile. KwakuyiNqanaba lesi-3 xa lwenzeke. UKatrina wayeyiNqanaba lesi-5 xa kusele elwandle.
Okwesibini eyona nto yayonakalisa iHurman Harvey. Eli nqanaba 4 isiphepho sithengisa i-$ 180 billion. Yawa eTexas ngoAgasti 25, 2017.
Iqhwithi i-Irma yayingowesithathu. Iqendu 5 libiza izindleko zeedola ezili-100. Yaya ePuerto Rico ngoSeptemba 7, 2017, naseFlorida ngoSeptemba 10, 2017.
Isiqhwithi iSandy sabangela ukulimala kweebhiliyoni ezingama-71.4. It hit New Jersey ngo-Oktobha 29, 2012. Idibanise ne-990-foot-wide-storms, ibhola elibandayo kunye neziqhwithi zesiphepho ezigqithiseleyo zinyanyiswe inyanga. Yonakalise amakhaya angama-650,000. Izigidi ezisibhozo zabathengi zilahlekelwe amandla. USandy wayejongene nokufa kwabantu abayi-159.
Iqhwithi Ike ixabise i-$ 29.5 billion. Yayibamba iGalveston Island, eTexas, ngoSeptemba 13, 2008. Yayitshabalalisa i-Gulf 10 ye-oil rigs. Zonke ii-refineries ezingama-22 zaseTexas ezisekelwe phantsi komhlaba zavalwa. Amanani eGesi ahlawulele kwi $ 5.00 / gallon. Ike yayiyiCandelo le-4 ekuphakameni kwayo. Iyancipha kwiCandelo 2 xa lihlasela iTexas. Le ndawo yayisichithwa yiNkantwa uGustav . I-Louisiana iiveki ezimbini ngaphambili. UGutav ubiza i-$ 4.6 billion. Kwakuyimigangatho yesi-4 kwinqanaba layo, kodwa lahliswa kwiCandelo 2 ngokufika komhlaba.
Izaqhwithi uAndreya uzayo. KwakuyiZigaba sesi-5 esiqhwithela iFlorida ngo-1992. Satshatyalalisa i-$ 26.5 billion kwipropati. Iphonsa i-169-foot foot storm to Biscayne Bay, irekhodi ye-peninsula entshona-mpuma yeFlorida. I-storm storm is sum of the storm storm and high waves.
Emva koko kwakukho iHlabathi iWilma. Eli nqanaba lesiqhwithi sesi-3 senze i-$ 20.6 yezigidigidi. Yaphula iFlorida ngo-2005 ngemimoya ephakamileyo malunga neekhilomitha ezili-120 ngeyure.
Izaqhwithi u-Irene zaza emva koko. KwakuyiSigaba sesiqhwithi 2 xa sihlasela iNorth Carolina ngo-Agasti 26, 2011. Yayilahlekelwe ngamandla amaninzi njengoko yayihamba phezu komhlaba ukuya eNew York naseBoston. Abantu abaninzi bafumana isivunguvungu esibi. Kodwa yabulala abantu abangama-20 kwaye bayeka abantu abayizigidi ezi-4.5 ngaphandle kwamandla. I-Storm ingesti eManhattan yayingama-9 aphezulu. Umonakalo wepropati wawuyi $ 15.6 yezigidigidi. Impembelelo yezoqoqosho yayiyi-$ 45 billion. (Umthombo: "I-Economist: I-Financial Hit From Hurricane Irene Ingadla i-$ 45 Billion," i-Fox News Insider, ngo-Agasti 29, 2001. "Iimpembelelo ze-Economic Impact," i-NPR Nightly Business Report, ngo-Agasti 24, 2011.)
Iphepho le-United States elifa kakhulu lalingama-1900. Liye lachaphazeleka phakathi kwabantu abayi-8 000 ukuya ku-12 000 eGalveston, eTexas. Esi siqhwithi sabulala abantu abayi-129 kwaye sabangela ukulimala kweerandi ezili-R7,7 kwiidola zanamhlanje ngoJuni 1972. Ngo-Oktobha 1954, iHuvane uHazel yabulala ama-95 aseMelika kunye nama-81 eCanada. KwakuyiNqanaba yesi-4. (Umthombo: "Iimpawu zeeTropical zaseTranspiki zaseMelika eziMathathu," Azinakulungelelaniswa nokunyuka kwamaxabiso .Imemorandam ye-NOAA Technical, Agasti 2013.)
Iiphulo eziphezulu ezingama-20
Nazi iingubo ezili-20 ezonakalisa i-United States. Phawula ukuba ezili-17 zazo zenzekile ukususela ngo-2000. Oko kukubakho ubungqina benkqubela yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu.
| Uhlu | Igama | States | Unyaka | Udidi | Ukulimala kwiibhiliyoni | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A lungiswa | Adj. yexabiso lemali | |||||
| 1 | Katrina | FL, LA, MS | 2005 | 3 | $ 125.0 | $ 160.0 |
| 2 | Harvey | TX, LA | 2017 | 4 | $ 125.0 | $ 125.0 |
| 3 | Maria | PR | 2017 | 5 | $ 90.0 | $ 90.0 |
| 4 | Sandy | NY, NJ, MA | 2012 | TS | $ 65.0 | $ 70.2 |
| 5 | Irma | FL | 2017 | 5 | $ 50.0 | $ 50.0 |
| 6 | Ike | TX, LA | 2008 | 2 | $ 30.0 | $ 34.8 |
| 7 | Andrew | FL, LA | 1992 | 5 | $ 27.0 | $ 47.8 |
| 8 | Ivan | AL, FL | 2004 | 3 | $ 20.5 | $ 27.1 |
| 9 | UWilma | FL | 2005 | 3 | $ 19.0 | $ 24.3 |
| 9 | Rita | LA, TX | 2005 | 3 | $ 18.5 | $ 23.7 |
| 11 | UCharley | FL | 2004 | 4 | $ 16.0 | $ 21.1 |
| 12 | Irene | NC | 2011 | 1 | $ 13.5 | $ 14.9 |
| 13 | Mateyu | SE US | 2016 | 1 | $ 10.0 | $ 10.3 |
| 14 | IFrances | FL | 2004 | 2 | $ 9.8 | $ 12.9 |
| 15 | Allison | TX | 2001 | TS | $ 8.5 | $ 11.8 |
| 16 | UJeanne | FL | 2004 | 3 | $ 7.5 | $ 9.9 |
| 17 | Hugo | SC | 1989 | 4 | $ 7.0 | $ 14.1 |
| 18 | Floyd | NY, MA | 1999 | 2 | $ 6.5 | $ 9.6 |
| 19 | Gustav | LA | 2008 | 2 | $ 6.0 | $ 6.9 |
| 20 | Isabel | NY, MA | 2003 | 2 | $ 5.5 | $ 7.4 |
(Umthombo: Ukusuka " Itheyibhile 3a kunye neThebhile 3b. I-Mainland United States Iingqungquthela zeTropical zibangelwa i-$ 1 Billion kwiMonakalo, " i-National Hurricane Centre, ngoJanuwari 26, 2018.)