Landela ixesha elifanelekileyo ukuqonda ukuba kutheni liye laphazamiseka
I-Dow ithatha ukuhamba kwayo kwangaphambili ngo-Oktobha 9, 2007, ukuvala ngo-14,164.43. Ngaphantsi kweenyanga ezili-18, kwaye kwawa ngaphezu kwe-50 ukuya kwi-6,594.44 ngoMatshi 5, 2009.
Kwakungekho yiphesenti enkulu yehla kwimbali. Ngexesha loKuPhukisa kweNtlupheko , imarike yemasheya yawa ngama-90 ekhulwini. Kodwa oko kuthatha iminyaka emithathu. Yintoni eyabangela le ngozi? Landela umgca wexesha elingezantsi ukuze uqonde ukuba kwenzeka njani.
2007
I-Dow yavula umnyaka kwi-12,459.54. Yavuka naphezu kokukhathazeka okuqhubekayo malunga nokunciphisa imakethe yezindlu. Ngomhla kaNovemba 17, 2006, iSebe lezoRhwebi li lumkise ukuba iimvume ezintsha zasekhaya zango-Oktobha zingama-28 eepesenti ngaphantsi komnyaka ongaphambili. Kodwa amagosa karhulumente akazange acinge ukuba ukuhla kwezindlu kuya kuthintela lonke uqoqosho. Enyanisweni, baxoxwa ukuba i-market yexabiso lempahla ebonakalayo ibuyele ejwayelekile.
Kodwa njengamaxabiso asekhaya awa, ayenze i- subprime mortgage defaults. Ngo-Agasti 2007, i- Federal Reserve yaqaphela ukuba iibhanki zazingenayo i- liquidity eyaneleyo yokusebenza. I-Fed yaqala ukongeza ukuthengiswa kwempahla ngokuthenga amabhanki e-subprime mortgage.
Ngo-Oktobha, ezinye i-economics zaxwayisa malunga nokusetyenziswa okubanzi kwezibophelelo zetyala kunye nezinye iziphumo . Ekupheleni kukaNovemba, uNobhala Wezezimali uHank Paulson uqalise i-Superfund eyabonelelwa ngebhanki ukuba athenge ityala eliyingozi.
Njengoko unyaka usondele ekupheleni, iBosi yoHlolo loQoqosho lihlaziye ukuhlaziya kwayo ukukhula.
Kuthi ukuba umkhiqizo wesizwe esiphuculweyo wenyuka i-0.5 ekhulwini kwikota yesithathu. Ukuqikelelwa kwayo kwangaphambi kokuba uthe washiya ama-0.5 ekhulwini. Kwakubonakala sengathi uqoqosho lwase-United States lwaluya kunqumla ukuhla kwezindlu kunye neengxaki zebhanki. I-Dow iphelile unyaka nje nje ngo-Oktobha ophakamileyo, kwi-13,264.82.
2008
Ekupheleni kukaJanuwari, i-BEA ihlaziywe ukukhula kwayo kwekota yesine kweGDP . Kuthiwa ukukhula bekuyi-0.6 ekhulwini kuphela. Uqoqosho lwalahlekelwa yimisebenzi engama-17 000, okokuqala ngqa ukususela ngo-2004. I-Dow yahlukumeza iindaba kwaye yanyuka phakathi kwe-12 000 ukuya kuma-13,000 ukuya ngoMatshi.
Ngomhla ka-17 kuMatshi, i-Federal Reserve ingenele ukugcina ibhanki yotyalo-mali engeyiyo i- Bear Stearns , okokuqala ukuhlaselwa kwe- subprime mortgage crisis . I-Dow iwele kwi-intra-day low ye-11,650.44 kodwa yayibonakala ibuyiswa. Enyanisweni, abaninzi babecinga ukuba i-Bear Stearns yokuhlangula yayiza kunciphisa abatyalo-mali. Babelindele ukuba ukungenelela kwakuza kupheka i- market yebhere . NgoMeyi, iDow yavuka ngaphezu kwama-13,000. Kwakubonakala kukugqithiseleyo.
NgoJulayi 2008, i-subprime mortgage crisis yatshathisa iarhente ezixhaswe nguRhulumente uFannie Mae noFreddie Mac . Bayafuna ukukhishwa kwemali karhulumente . ISebe leNondyebo liqinisekisile imali engama-25 eebhiliyoni zeemali-mboleko zazo kwaye zathenga izabelo zikaFannie kunye noFreddie.
I-FHA iqinisekisile i-$ 300 yezigidigidi kwiimali-mboleko ezintsha. I-Dow yawa, ivala ngo-10,962.54 ngoJulayi 15. Yabuya kwaye yahlala ingaphezu kwe-11 000 kulo lonke ihlobo.
Septemba 2008
Le nyanga yaqala ngeendaba eziphosa. NgoMvulo, ngoSeptemba 15, 2008, uLehman Brothers bavakalisa i-bankruptcy. I-Dow ilahle amaphupha angama-504.48.
NgoLwesibini, ngoSeptemba 16, iFed yamemezela ukuba yayikukhwela i- AIG enkulu. Yenze i-$ 85 yezigidigidi "mboleko" ngokubuyisela i-79.9 yeepesenti ngokulingana, ngokuthatha ngokufanelekileyo ubunikazi. I-AIG yayiphelelwe yimali. Kwakukhawuleza ukuhlawula i- credit default swaps eyayikhuphe ngokubhekiselele kumatyala aphantsi kwesiqinisekiso -mali.
NgoLwesithathu, ngoSeptemba 17, iimali zeemarike zemali zalahleka i-$ 144 billion. Yilapho iindawo ezininzi zamashishini zipaka imali yazo yobusuku. Iinkampani zatshatyelwa, zitshintshela nakwiimpawu ezikhuselekileyo zeNondyebo.
Benza oku ngenxa yokuba ama- Libor amazinga ayephezulu . Amabhanki aye aqhuba amaxabiso ngenxa yokuba beyesaba ukuboleka omnye nomnye. I-Dow yawa ngamanqaku angama-449.36.
NgoLwesine, ngoSeptemba 18, iimarike zavuselela amanqaku angama-400. Abatyalomali bafunde malunga nephakheji elitsha lokuthuthwa kwebhanki.
NgoLwesihlanu, ngoSeptemba 19, iDow yaphela ngeveki kwi-11,388.44. Kwakungaphantsi kweMvulo wayo evulekileyo ye-11,416.37. I-Fed iqokelele i-Asset-Backed yePhepha leNtengiso yeMali yeMali ye-Mutual Fund yobungozi. Ibole imali eyi-122.8 yezigidi kwiibhanki ukuthenga iphepha lokuthengisa kwimali yemarike yemali . Isibhengezo se-Fed siqinisekisile ukuba iimarike zeebredari zacatshulwa ngokukhatywayo kunye nemoyi yokutya.
NgoMgqibelo, ngoSeptemba 20, uNobhala uPaulson noSihlalo weSigqeba soMbutho uBen Bernanke bathumela ibhanti yokubhankanya ibhanki kwiCongress. I-Dow iqhube malunga ne-11 000 ukuya kutsho ngo-Septemba 29, xa iSenate ivotelwe ngokumalunga ne-bill bill. I-Dow yawa amanqaku angama-777.68, eninzi kunayo nayiphi na imini kwimbali. Iimarike zomhlaba wonke nazo zityhafile, ngokunjalo:
- Inkcazo yehlabathi ye-MSCI yehla ngamaphesenti angama-6 ngosuku olulodwa, ininzi ukusuka ekudalweni kwayo ngo-1970.
- Ibovespa yaseBrazil imisiwe emva kokulahla iipesenti ezili-10.
- I-London FTSE yehla i-15 ekhulwini.
- Igolide yanyuka ngaphezu kwama-dollar ayi-900 ngeyunithi.
- I-oyile yehla i-$ 95 ngomgqomo.
Ukubuyisela ukuzinza kwezezimali, iFed yaphindaphinda i- swaps yayo yeebhanki kunye neebhanki eziphakathi kwamanye amazwe eYurophu, e-Ngilani naseJapan ukuya kwii-620 zeebhiliyoni. Oorhulumente behlabathi baphoqelelwe ukuba banikeze konke ukuthengiswa kweemarike zentengiso echanekileyo.
Oktobha 2008
Inkomfa ekugqibeleni yadlulisela ibhajethi yokubambisa ekuqaleni kwe-Oktobha, kodwa umonakalo sele sele wenziwe. ISebe lezeMisebenzi libike ukuba uqoqosho lulahlekelwe yimisebenzi engama-159,000 kunyaka odlulileyo. NgoMvulo, ngo-Oktobha 6, i-Dow ilahle amaphuzu angama-800, ivalwe ngaphantsi kwe-10,000 okokuqala ngqa ukususela ngo-2004.
I-Fed yazama ukukhuthaza iibhanki ngokubolekisa i-$ 540 zeebhiliyoni kwimali yemarike yemali. Iimali zifuna imali ukuze ihlangabezane nokuqhubeka kokuhlengahlengiswa. Ukususela ngo-Agasti, imali engaphezulu kwe-500 500 yezigidi ihoxisiwe kwiimarike zemali.
I-JPMorgan Chase yalawula iSibonelelo seNkxaso-mali ye-Fed Market. Yathengwa ukuya kwii-600 zama-bhiliyoni zeziqinisekiso ze-deposit, amanqaku eebhanki, kunye nephepha lokuthengisa eliza kubakho ngenxa yeentsuku ezingama-90. Iimali ezigidi ezingama-60 zamaRandi zivela kwiimarike zemali ngokwazo. Kodwa baye bathengisa iphepha lokuthengisa kwi-MMIFF.
I-Fed yahlutha ngokukhawuleza isantya semali esisondezayo kwi-1 pesenti kuphela . Kodwa i-Libor yasebhanki yemali yokuboleka iphakame ukuya kwi-3,46% ephakamileyo . I-Fed ibuye iququzelele ukukhutshwa kwebhanki yehlabathi jikelele.
I-Dow iphendule ngokunciphisa iipesenti ezili-13 kulo nyaka. Ekupheleni kukaOktobha, i-BEA ikhuphe iindaba ezikhathazayo. Uqoqosho luye lwafumana i-0.3 yepesenti kwikota yesithathu. Olu hlanga lwaludlulile .
Novemba 2008
Le nyanga yaqala ngeendaba ezimbi. ISebe lezeMisebenzi libike ukuba uqoqosho lulahlekelwe yimisebenzi engama-240,000 ngo-Oktobha. Ukuxhaswa kwe-AIG kwanda ukuya kuma- $ 150 billion. U-Nondyebo wamemezela ukuba usebenzisa inxalenye yeebhiliyoni ezingama-700 zeebhiliyoni zokuthenga iimpahla ezikhethiweyo kwiibhanki zeentlanga. I- Big Three e-automakers yacela ukuxhaswa kwezemfundo . NgoNovemba 20, 2008, i-Dow yayiye ngaphaya kwe-7,552.29, elitsha liphantsi. Kodwa ukuhlaselwa kwemakethe ye-stock market ka-2008 kwakungekho ngaphezulu.
Disemba 2008
I-Fed iyancipha inqanaba lemali elixhasayo kwi-zero, inqanaba layo eliphantsi kwiimbali. I-Dow iphelile ngonyaka kwi-8,776.39 yokugula, phantsi kweepesenti ezingama-34 zonyaka.
2009
Ngenxa yokugqithiseka okukhulu, iDow inyuke ku-9,034.69 ngoJanuwari 2, 2009. Abatyali bemali bakholelwa ukuba ulawulo olutsha luka-Obama luyakwazi ukujongana nomnotho kunye neqela lakhe labacebisi bezoqoqosho . Kodwa iindaba ezimbi zoqoqosho zaqhubeka. I-Dow inqamle ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-6,594.44 ngoMatshi 5, 2009.
Kungekudala emva koko, icebo loqoqosho loqoqosho luka-Obama lenza ukuba ukuzithemba kufuneke ukuphelisa ukwesaba. NgoJulayi 24, 2009, iDow yafikelela phezulu. Ivalwe ngo-9,093.24, ixabana noJanuwari. Kwabaninzi, ukuhlaselwa kwemakethe ye-stock market ka-2008 kwaphelile.
Emva
Abatyalomali babethwala izikrakra zengqondo ekupheleni kweeminyaka emine ezayo. Ngomhla ka-Juni 1, 2012, batyhaxiswa ngenxa yengxelo yomsebenzi kaMeyile ohluphekileyo kunye neengxaki zemali ye-eurozone. I-Dow ilahle amaphupha angama-275, kwaye umyinge we-10 weminyaka yokulinganiswa kweNondyebo ihlawulela kwi-1.443 ngexesha lokuhweba nge-intraday. Eli lizinga eliphantsi kuneminyaka engama-200. Yatshengisa ukuba ukuzithemba okuye kwaphazamiseka ngo-2008 kwakungazange kubuyele kwiWall Street.
Ngo-2013, imakethi yemasheya ekugqibeleni yafunyanwa. Kwiinyanga ezintandathu zokuqala, kwafumana amanqaku amaninzi kunanoma yimuphi unyaka kwirekhodi. Amanani esitokethi aphakama ngokukhawuleza kunokuba azuze imali, ukudala ibhola le-asethi . I- Dow ibeke iirekhodi ezivaliweyo ezingaphezu kwama-250 kwaze kwaba ngoFebhuwari 2018. Ukwesaba kokunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye nemigangatho yemigangatho ephakamileyo phantse yathumela i-Dow kwisilungiso . Njengamanye amaninzi eemakethe ezithengiswayo, ukungazange kuholele ekuhlaleni.