Ingaba i-Big Big 3 Yokubambisa ixabiso?
Isebe leNondyebo lichithe imali eyi-80.7 yezigidigidi ukusuka kwiiRandi ezigidi eziyi-700 ezigunyazwe nguMthetho woPhuhliso loQoqosho oluPhezulu . Yabuyisa yonke imali kodwa i-$ 10.2 yezigidigidi. Bobabili banike imali kwaye bathenga ubunikazi bempahla kwi-GM ne-Chrysler. Kwakhona kwanikeza izikhuthazo ekuvuseleleni ukuthengwa kwemoto entsha. Enyanisweni, urhulumente wavelisa uG GM kunye noCrysler njengokuba kwenza uFannie Mae, uFreddie Mac , kunye ne- American International Group .
Nantsi Inkqubo yokuXhaswa kweeNkathazo ezixhasayo. Ibonisa oko urhulumente analo imali. Oko kubonisa oko kuthengisa izabelo zayo, kubandakanywa noko kufunyenwe kwinkokhelo yayo yetyala. Emva koko kubala inzuzo yerhafu okanye ilahleko.
| Nkampani | Utyalo | Thengiswa | Inzuzo / Ukulahleka | Umhla wokuBuleka kuphelile |
| GM | $ 51.0 billion | $ 39.7 billion | - $ 11.3 billion | NgoDisemba 9, 2013 |
| GMAC (Ally) | $ 17.2 yezigidigidi | $ 19.6 billion | + $ 2.4 billion | Ngomhla wama-18, 2014 |
| Chrysler | $ 12.5 billion | $ 11.2 yezigidigidi | - 1.3 billion | Meyi 2011 |
| YONKE | $ 80.7 billion | $ 70.5 billion | - $ 10.2 yezigidigidi |
(Umthombo: "Izinto eziphambili," Isebe lase-US leNondyebo.)
I-Ford Credit yafumana ukuxhaswa kwayo kwinqanaba le- Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility , kungekhona i-TARP. Le yinkqubo karhulumente yezemoto, umfundi, kunye neminye mboleko mboleki .
Urhulumente wesigqeba wathatha iGM kunye noChrysler ngo-Matshi 2009. Ukhuphe i-GM CEO uRick Wagoner kwaye ufuna uCrysler ukuba ahlangane ne-Italy yeFiat SpA
Ulawulo luka-Obama lusetyenzise ukuthabatha ukubeka imigangatho emitsha yokusebenza kwemoto. Ukuphucula umgangatho womoya kunye nokunyanzelisa ama-automaker ase-US ukuba abe nokukhuphisana ngokubanzi namafemu aseJapan naseJamani.
U-Chrysler wangena kwi-bankruptcy ngo-Ephreli 3. IMG ilandelwe ngoJuni 1. Ekupheleni kukaJulayi, yavela ekuhlelweni kwakhona kwe-bankruptcy. GM yaba ngamashishini amabini ahlukeneyo kwaye yahlutha i-GMAC kwi-Allied Financial. I-Chrysler yaba yinto ekhangelwe kakhulu yiFiat. ISebe leNondyebo laqalisa ukuthengisa ubunini bayo be-GM ngonyaka ka-2010. I-Chrysler ihlawulwe ukugqibela kwemali-mboleko yayo ngo-2011.
NgoDisemba 18, 2014, iSebe lezeNondyebo laphelisa ukukhutshwa. Ngaloo nto kuthengisa izabelo zayo zokugqibela eziseleyo ze-Ally Financial, eyayibizwa ngokuba yi-General Motors Acceptance Corporation. Yathenge i-$ 17.2 yezigidigidi ukufaka imali kwi-GM. ISebe leNondyebo lithengise izabelo zeeRandi ezingama-19.6 zeebhiliyoni, okwenza iirejista ezihlawuliswa ngamaRandi 2.4 billion.
Isicelo sokuqala
I-Congress inqabe isicelo sokuqala se-automakers sika-$ 50 yezigidigidi. I-Senate I-Leadity Leader uHarry Reid inkxaso inkxaso. Kodwa wathi i-Big Three kufanele ibuyele kunye "... isicwangciso esinobuchule esinika ithuba lokwenene lokufumana iivoti ezifunekayo." Akuzange incede uluvo lukawonke-wonke lwama-automakers ukuba ii-CEO ezintathu zithe zafika kwi-DC kwiijethi zenkampani.
Oku kwakukho ngokwe-athikili ye-Associated Press, "I-Bush Signs Extension Benefits Extension," epapashwe ngoNovemba 21, 2008.
ICongress yayikulungele ukuhambisa iprogram yezigidigidi ezingama-25 zeemali ezibophelelwe ekuphuhlisweni kwezithuthi ezisebenzayo. I-automakers yabuza i-$ 25 yezigidigidi eziphuma kwi- TARP fund. I-Associated Press ibike ngale nto kwinqaku yabo kaNovemba 17, 2008, "Abakhulu abakhi beCarmakers Beg be $ 25 Biliyoni." Indlebe uSomlomo uNancy Pelosi, amanye amaDemocrats, kunye neemanyano zabasebenzi zixhasa inkxaso.
Abo bachasa ukusebenzisa i-TARP bathi uGom noChrysler bazisa ukutshatyalaliswa kwabo. Abazange baphinde babuyele kwixesha elifanelekileyo. Bamele bachithe imveliso, imisebenzi, kunye nabathengi iminyaka ngaphambili. UDavid Brooks ongumgcini wekhomphyutha wathi, "... ukuba ezi nkampani zingavunyelwe ukuba zihlawulelwe ngoku, aziyi kuba."
NgoDisemba 2008, ii-automakers zicele iiligidi ezingama-35 zeebhiliyoni. I-Congress kuqala yahlola ukuba isicwangciso esilungisiweyo sokuhlaziya i-bankruptcy ngaphandle kokuxhaswa kwemali yindlela engcono. Ngokukhawuleza yaqonda ukuba kuya kuthatha ixesha elide ukuphumeza. UMongameli Bush kunye noNobhala wezeMali uNobhala uHank Paulson ngoko bavumelana ne- $ 24.9 yeebhiliyoni zokuthuthwa kwezimali ngokusebenzisa i-TARP.
NgoJanuwari 2009, urhulumente wezepolisi wadala iNkqubo yeMali yezeMali yeMoto. Yanikezela i-GM ne-Chrysler imali yokusebenza ababeyidingayo ukuze baphile. Yenza iimali-mboleko ze-GMAC zifumaneke ngakumbi kubathengi bemoto. Nantsi ukuphazamiseka:
- Izigidi eziyi-14.3 zamaRandi kwiGeneral Motors.
- I-$ 5.0 billion kwiGGAC.
- Iibhiliyoni ezingama-5.5 zeChrysler
Iinkampani ezithembise ukukhawulezisa ukuphuhliswa kwezithuthi ezisebenzayo kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwemisebenzi. I-GM neFord yavuma ukuhlengahlengisa inani lemveliso ababeyivelise. Umanyano wabasebenzi beZikolo eziManyeneyo bavuma ukuba bamkele iminikelo yokulibaziseka kwingxowa-mali yempilo yabathathe umhlalaphantsi. Kwaye kwavuma ukunciphisa iintlawulo kubasebenzi abalahlayo. Ii-CEO ezintathu zavuma ukusebenzela i-$ 1 ngonyaka kwaye zithengisa ii-jets zazo zenkampani.
Ngo-Matshi 19, 2009, iSebe lezeNondyebo livume i-R5 billion yezigidi zemali mboleko kubanikezeli bemoto.
GM kunye ne-GMAC yokuTywala ixesha
Ngomnyaka we-1953, owayengumongameli we-General Motors uMongameli uCharles Wilson wathi, "Yintoni elungileyo kwilizwe lethu lilungele iGeneral Motors, kunye nokunye." Ukuthengiswa kweMG kugxininise imoto eyi-17.296 yezigidi ngoSeptemba 2005. Kodwa, njengoko ixabiso legesi liye landa, ukuthengiswa kwe-GM kwanyuka.
Ngo-2007, ama-America afumana ingxelo kaWilson yayingasenyani. Yona unyaka weToyota utshitshisa iG GM ukuba yi-automaker ehamba phambili yehlabathi. Yenza njalo ngokubonelela kunye nokudibanisa imfuno yehlabathi kwiimoto ezincinci. Ngoxa iToyota yayakha izityalo eUnited States, i-GM yayivala. Esikhundleni sokutshintsha, yanikela ngepesenti zeengxowa-mali zokuthengisa ii-SUV nezinye iinqwelo ezinkulu.
Ukuqala ukuxilwa kweebhiliyoni ezi-14,3 zeebhiliyoni kwakungonelanga. Ngo-Ephreli, i-GM ikholeke enye i-$ 2 yezigidigidi. Ngomhla wesi-2 kuMeyi 2009, isitokethi seMG sasiwela ngaphaya kwe-$ 1 isabelo okokuqala ngqa ukususela kwiNgcudlo enkulu . Ukunyanzelisa ukuba kufuna enye i-$ 4.4 yezigidigidi ukuhlala.
Ngomhla ka-Juni 1, 2009, i-GM ingenele i-bankruptcy. Yayinempahla eyi-82 yezigidi zeebhiliyoni kunye ne-172.8 yezigidi zamatyala kwiimfanelo. Ngaloo nyanga, i-sales hit hit yabo ephantsi yeemoto eziyi-9.545 yezigidi kunye namaloli.
Urhulumente unikeze i-GM $ 30.1 yezigidigidi ukuxhaswa ngemisebenzi ngoJuni noJulayi ngelixa liqhutywe ngokutsha kwakhona. Kwakhona kuqinisekisile iimpawu eziqinisekisiwe zeGM. Ekubuyeleni, wathenga iipesenti ezingama-60 zeenkampani kwiimvume ezikhoyo kwisitokhwe esifanayo kunye nempahla ekhethiweyo . Urhulumente waseCanada uthenge iipesenti ezili-12. Imanyano yempilo ye-trust inikwe i-17.5% ye-stock ownership. Oku kwakukho kwi-20 mali yezigidigidi ezifunekayo ukulungiselela i-650,000 yokuthatha umhlalaphantsi. Abanini-mabhondi bafumana i-10% ye-stock ownership endaweni yeebhiliyoni ezingama-27 kwiibhondi. Abanini bempahla balahlekelwe lonke utyalo-mali.
GM ithembise ukuhlawula imali engama-dollar ayi-30 yezigidigidi ngo-2012 xa iceba ukuphula. Le nkampani ithembise ukucima ityala layo ngama-dollar ayi-30 yezigidigidi ngokuguqula ubunini bemali ngokulingana. Kwavunyelwene ukuhlawula iintlawulo zonyango zemanyano yabasebenzi ekuthathe umhlala phantsi ngo-2010. Kuthembisa ukuthengisa ii-Saab, Saturn, kunye no-Hummer ukwahlula, ukunciphisa inani leempahla ezithengiswayo ukuya kuma-40. Ukuvalwa kwamafektri ayi-11, kuvaliwe ama-40 ekhulwini aloo-6,000 abathengi, kwaye unqume imisebenzi engaphezu kwama-20,000.
Uxhasomali lukaRhulumente lubonelele ngeenjongo ezilandelayo zokukhuthaza abathengi bemoto entsha.
- URhulumente uxhasa yonke imirhumo emitsha yemoto.
- I- bill stimulus bill ivumela abathengi abatsha beemoto ukuba banqumle yonke imoto yokuthengisa kunye nentlawulo yeerhafu.
- I-Congress ivunyiwe inkxaso-mali evela kwi-TARP yenkxaso ye-zero yepesenti kwezinye izithuthi ze-Chrysler.
URhulumente uzimisele ukwenza iMG iphumelele. Oku kuya kukuvumela ukuba kube nenzuzo xa kuthengiswa iirhwebo ezigidi ezili-10 ngonyaka. Oku kwenzeka ngoJulayi 2009, xa kuthengiswa i-10.758 yezigidi.
I-GM ivela kwi-bankruptcy ngoJulayi 10, 2009, njengeenkampani ezimbini ezihlukeneyo. I-GM endala inamatyala amaninzi. I-GM entsha ibambe ixabiso, i-R17 billion yezibhatala, inkontileka kunye nemanyano, kunye neengxowa-mali zempesheni . Oku kwavumela ukuba kuqhube phambili njengenkampani enenzuzo. Inkampani entsha inemveliso emine kuphela: i-Chevrolet, i-Cadillac, i-GMC ne-Buick. Inkampani yathengisa uSaab kwaye yayeka uSaturn noHummer.
Ngo-Oktobha 2010, i-GMAC, i-JPMorgan Chase kunye neBhanki yaseMelika yavuma ukumisa iinkqubo ezintsha zokuqhawula ukuze i- Federal Reserve kunye ne-Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation baphumelele uphando.
I-GMAC imele i-General Motors Acceptance Corporation. Yaqulunqwa ngowe-1919 ukubonelela ngemali mboleko kwi-General Motors 'ukuthenga ngokuzenzekelayo. Ukususela ngoko, kwandiswe ukuquka i-inshurensi, ibhanki ye-intanethi, imisebenzi yokubolekwa kwemali, kunye nezimali zentengiso. Imisebenzi yayo yokubolekwa kwempahla yayigcwele isityholo esinobuthi. Yingakho ifunyenwe i-$ 5 yezigidigidi zeebhayisikili ngo-Disemba 2008. Ngenxa yophando, ityhurensi ye-Old Republic ibhengeze ukuba izakuyeka ukuqinisekisa i-mortgage ye-GMAC. Ngo-2010, i-GMAC yafakwa kwi-Ally Financial.
NgoNovemba 17, 2010, kwi-release release yayo, "uNondyebo uvakalisa ixabiso lentengo kaRhulumente," iSebe lezeMali libonise ukuba liza kuthengisa isiqingatha sobunini beMG. Olu hlobo lwentengiso lugunyaze umrhumo wokuqala woluntu kwimarike yemasheya eyi-33 i-share share.
NgoNovemba 2013, iSebe lezeNondyebo lithe lithengise i-31.1 million shares. Kwakhona sele ibuyisele i-$ 37.2 yezigidigidi ngokuthengisa ubunini bayo kwi-GM.
Ukukhutshwa kwe-Chrysler
NgoJanuwari 16, 2009, iSebe lezeNondyebo livume imali ehlawulwa ngemali eyi-1,5 billion yeCrysler Financial. Inzala yemali mboleko yayiyinye ingongoma ephezulu kwiLibor , eyaziwa ngokuba yi-London Interbank Isilinganiselo. Ukongezelela, i-Chrysler Financial ithembise ukuhlawula irhulumente i-$ 75 yezigidi kumanqaku kunye nokunciphisa iibhonasi ezilawulayo ngama-40 ekhulwini. Ngenxa yoko, abathengi bemoto bathabatha ipesenti zepesenti zemali iminyaka emihlanu kwizinto ezithile.
I-Chrysler yafumana i-$ 4 yezigidigidi ze-bhiliyoni zeebhiliyoni ezi-7 zeebhanti eziceliwe ngaphambili. Ngokubuyisela, umnikazi wayo uCerberus wathembisa ukuguqula ityala layo kwi-equity.
Inqaku likaJanuwari 19, 2009 eWashington Post, "I-US ikhulisa uncedo kwi-Industrial Industry," ibika ukuba icele i $ 6 ezigidigidi kwiSebe lezeMandla ukubuyisela kwakhona iinqwelo ezinamandla. UChrysler wayefuna ukuba abaBhulu abathathu baqabane kunye norhulumente wezemfundo kwi-joint venture ukuphuhlisa ezinye izithuthi zamandla. Oku akuzange kwenzeke, kwaye uChrysler akazange afumane mboleko kwiSebe leMandla. Esikhundleni saloo nto, ithenjise ukuqala imoto yombane ngo-2010, ijikeleze ukuya kuma-500,000 ngo-2013.
Ngomhla ka-Apreli 30, 2009, uChrysler wafaka isicelo sokutyunjwa. UNobhala weNondyebo u- Tim Geithner wavuma ukuboleka imali engama-6 billion yezigidi ukuxhaswa ngemisebenzi ngelixa efihliweyo. Kwavela njengenkampani entsha, i-58.5 pesenti ye-automaker Fiat SpA yaseItali ngoku eyinxalenye. Le fusion ye-Fiat-Chrysler yenze i-automaker enkulu yesithandathu yehlabathi. Amanye aphethwe yi-United Auto Workers Retiree Medical Benefits Trust. I-Chrysler ivalwe ngabathengisi abangaphantsi kolawulo njengenxalenye yeenkqubo zayo zokubhankanya.
Ngomhla ka-Meyi 2011, uChrysler wabuyisela imali eyi-11.2 yezigidi zeedola ezili-12,5 ezigidi ezi-12,5 kwii-TARP zemboleko iminyaka emithandathu ngaphambi kweshedyuli. Iindleko ezipheleleyo kubarhafi berhafu ziyi-$ 1.3 billion.
Ngo-2013, i-CEO ye-Fiat uSergio Marchionne yamemezela izicwangciso zokuthatha i-Chrysler yoluntu kwi- New York Stock Exchange . Oku kwavumela u-Fiat ukuba athenge yonke inkampani kwaye adibanise ababini kwi-automaker yomhlaba wonke okhuphisanayo. Ngo-Oktobha 2014, ibhalwe phantsi kwefayile ye " tick " FCAU. Le nkampani entsha ibizwa ngokuba yi-Fiat Chrysler Auto Company NV yayo ye-2017 yemali yemarike yayingama-R17 billion.
Ngo-2016, uChrysler waphelela isahlulo sawo seFerrari. Ngo-2017, bekukho amahemuhemu ukuba uChrysler angathengisa i-brand yeJeep flagship kwi-automaker yaseTshayina. Inkampani ibuye ishintshe izityalo zayo zaseMelika kwiimoto ukuya kwamaloli kunye neenqwelo zeevenkile ze-Jeep. Akukho zicwangciso zokwakha izithuthi zamandla kagesi okanye ukuziqhuba.
Ukuhluthwa kwe-Ford
Nangona iFransi ingazange ifumane i-TARP ngemali, yafumana iimboleko zikaRhulumente. Ezi zinto zazibalulekileyo kuba iibhanki azizange zibolekise ngexesha leengxaki zemali. Yacelwa i-$ 9 billion ye-credit-line-credit kwinqanaba likaRhulumente. Ngenjongo yokubuyisela, ithenjise ukuchitha i-$ 14 billion kwizixhobo zobuchwepheshe obutsha.
NgoJuni 23, 2009, iF Ford yafumana i-loan ye-5.9 yezigidigidi zeemali ezivela kwiNkqubo yezokuThuthukiswa kweeTeknoloji zeNkxaso yeeNkxaso zeMandla. Ngenjongo yokubuyisela, yenza isithembiso sokuphuthuma ukuphuhliswa kwezithuthi zombini kunye ne-battery-power-enabled, abathengisi abasondeleyo, kwaye bathengise iVolvo. Yathuthukisa amafektri e-Illinois, eKentucky, eMichigan, eMissouri, nase-Ohio ukuvelisa izithuthi ze-hybrid.
I-Ford isetyenzisile imali ukutshintsha ingqalelo kwiimoto zorhwebo zorhwebo. Ngo-2016, i-CEO uMark Fields yathi, "Sifuna ukuba ngumdlali ophezulu kwisisombululo esinamandla. Inkampani ifuna ukukhokela ... sinokuyiphumelela njengezithuthi zethu zorhwebo."
Ipesenti enye yesinye seemali zaya kwakha ubuchwepheshe obutshanje beenqwelo zomoya. Ngokomzekelo, bancedisa ukuxhasa iingxowa zika-Ford ze-aluminium kwi-F-series pickups. I-Congressional Research Service iqikelele ukuba iimali-mboleko zilondolozwe imisebenzi engama-33,000 . I-Ford iya kuhlawula le mboleko ngo-2022.
Abaninzi bathi iF Ford ifuna iimali zokugcina ukuhamba kwemali ngexesha lokunciphisa imali. I-Ford ithi yayisimo esingcono kunabanye ababini ngenxa yokuba yayisetyenziselwe i-assets yayo ngo-2006 ukuphakamisa i-$ 23.6 billion. Yasebenzisa iimali-mboleko zokubuyisela ukulungiswa kwemveliso yayo ukugxila kwiinqwelo ezincinci, ezisebenza ngamandla. I-Workers Automobile Workers iyavuma ukuba inokuxhasa imali yesiqingatha se-retiree yokunakekelwa kwezempilo kunye nenkampani ye-stock. Ngo-Ephreli 2009, ithathe umhlala-phantsi we-9.9 billion weetyala eziye zathathwa ngo-2006.
Izizathu zokuPhepha
NgoDisemba 2008, ukuthengiswa kwemoto kwakuyi-37 ekhulwini ngaphantsi kwonyaka ngaphambili. Kwakuyii-400,000 izithuthi ezimbalwa okanye ezilinganayo neziphumo ezimbini zonyaka. UMG kunye noChrysler babehle kakhulu, ngelixa ukulahlekelwa kweFransi kwakufana neenkokheli zeComoto kunye neToyota.
Abaninzi kwiCongress batyholwa ngabenzi be-automakers abangasebenzi ngokukhuphisana iminyaka. Iinkampani zalibazise ukwenza ezinye izithuthi zamandla. Kunoko, bajolise ekuvuneni inzuzo kwi-SUVs kunye ne-Hummers.
Xa kuthengiswa kuthengiswa ngo-2006, baqalise izicwangciso zenkxaso-mali yokuzithengisa abathengi. Inqaku le-Bloomberg ka-Disemba 3, 2008, "I-UAW inikezela iCandelo," ixela ukuba amalungu e-Union ahlawulwe i-$ 70 ngeyure, ngokuqhelekileyo, ngelixa amaqesha amasha enza i-dollar 26 ngeyure. I-GM yayineemveliso ezimbini ezifunekayo kabini. Kwakhona kwabaninzi abathengi, ngenxa yemimiselo ye-franchise.
Impembelelo yabaThengi kwi-Economics yase-US
Nangona kukho ukugxekwa, ukuxhaswa kwempahla kwandinceda ukudala imisebenzi engaphezulu kwama-340,000. Ngethuba lokukhutshwa kwemali, imboni yezemoto yanikela ngeepesenti ezingama-3,6 , okanye i-$ 500 yezigidigidi, kwi-US imveliso emveliso yasekhaya . Ukuncipha kweepesenti ezingama-30 kwimpahla yokuthengisa ngokuzenzekelayo iguqulelwe ngqo kwi-1% yeepesenti ekuhlaleni kwezoqoqosho.
I-Automobile kunye neengxenye zokuvelisa eziqeshwe ngabasebenzi abayi-1.091 yezigidi ngo-Apreli 2006. Ngomhla ka-Juni 2009, elo nani liye lalingama-43 ukuya kuma-624,000 abasebenzi. Iingxowa-mali zahlulwa iipesenti ezili-16 zabasebenzi. Abasebenzi bezabelo bawa kwi-1,926 yezigidi ngoSeptemba 2005 ukuya kwezigidi eziyi-1.612 ngoFebruwari 2010. Ezi zibalo ziquka abenzi bee-automaker zangaphandle kunye ne-Big Three.
Abahlalutyi abaninzi abavumelanga. Bavakalelwa kukuba uChrysler uya kuphazamiseka nangaphandle kokuxhaswa kwaye iFransi ayifuni ngokwenene. Impembelelo ephambili yebhanki yayiwukugcina imisebenzi kuMG. Kodwa ukunyuka kwemali kwabangela ukuba i-GM ihlasele umsebenzi wayo kunye nemveliso, nangona i-bailout. Ukongezelela koko, emva kokudlulela kwemali, iToyota kunye neCom Honda iya kuqhubeka nokwandisa iifemu zabo zase-US, zinika imisebenzi yabasebenzi base-United States.
Ukuba kwakungekho nto yokubambisa, iF Ford, iToyota, ne-Honda yayiza kuthatha isabelo semarike. Oku kwakuya kwandisa iifemu zaseMelika kunye nemisebenzi emva kokudlulela kwemali . Ukulahleka kwe-GM kuya kufana nokulahlekelwa yiPan Am, iTWA, kunye nezinye iinkampani ezinomdla omeleleyo waseMelika kodwa zalahlekelwa ukhuphiswano. Kuza kwenzeka mhlawumbi ukuxuba kwiintliziyo zaseMelika kodwa kungeyona nto ibuhlungu ngayo umnotho. Ngenxa yoko, ukuchithwa kwemboni yezemoto kwakungabalulekanga kwizoqoqosho zase-US, njengokuncediswa kwe- AIG okanye inkqubo yebhanki.