Ukuxilongwa kwe-AIG: Iindleko, ixesha elifanelekileyo, amaBhonasi, iibangela, iimpembelelo

by Kimberly Amadeo

Kutheni Yenza i-Bernanke Angrier ngaphezu kwanoma yini enye kwiNgxowa-mali

Umongameli wangaphambili we-Federal Reserve uBen Bernanke wabika ukuba ukuxhaswa kwe-American International Group kwamenza waba nomsindo ngaphezu kwanoma yini enye emdeni. UBernanke uthe i-AIG ithatha ingozi kwimveliso engalawulwayo, njengesikhwama se- hedge fund , ngelixa isebenzisa imali kwi-inshorensi yabantu. Kodwa, wathi uhulumeni akanakukhetha ngaphandle kokubhenela. Kwakudingeka ukuba ugweme uhlobo olufanayo lokuwa kwezomnotho okwenzekayo xa uLehman Brothers ehlaselwa ngoSeptemba 2008. (Umthombo: "UBernanke uthi Inkokhelo i-AIG isebenza njengeHedge Fund," i-New York Times, ngo-Matshi 3, 2009.)

01 Yintoni eyabangela ukukhutshwa komsebenzi?

Ikhampani ye-inshurensi ekhuphayo yomelele, yenzeke njani enye yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwi- 2008 ? Ukwandisa umyinge we- benefit , i-AIG ibe ngumthengisi omkhulu we- default swaps . Ezi swaps zithengisa ixabiso elixhasa inkxaso-mboleko kunye ne-mortgage. Ukuba i-AIG yachithwa, yayiza kubangela ukuba i-bankruptcy yamaziko amaninzi eemali ayezithenge ezi swaps.

I-AIG yayinkulu kangangokuthi ukubola kwayo kuya kuba nefuthe loqoqosho lonke. Ngokomzekelo, i-3.6 trillion yemali yeekhredithi yemali-mali ityala imali kwi-AIG kwaye ityala. Uninzi lweemali eziphathekayo ezine-AIG. Amaziko emali ehlabathini lonke ayenamalungelo amakhulu e-AIG ityala.

I-swags ye-AIG kwimali yokubolekwa kwe-subprime iqhube enye inkampani enenzuzo kwinqanaba le-bankruptcy. Njengoko iimali zokubolekwa eziboshwe kwii-swaps ezingekho phantsi, i-AIG yaphoqelelwa ukuba ikhulise izigidi kwiinkunzi . Njengoko abagcini bempahla bafumana umoya, bathengisa izabelo zabo, okwenza kube nzima nakakhulu ukuba i-AIG igubungele i-swaps.

Nangona i-AIG yayinempahla eyaneleyo yokugubungela i-swaps, ayikwazanga ukuyithengisa phambi kokuba i-swaps ifike ngenxa. Oku kwashiya ngaphandle kokuhlawulwa kwemali yomshuwalense wokutshintsha. (Umthombo: "US ukuthatha i-AIG," i-Wall Street Journal, Septemba 17, 2008.)

02 2008: Iinkcukacha zoPhicotho

NgoSeptemba 16, 2008, i- Federal Reserve yanikezela i-$ 85 yezigidigidi, umboleko weminyaka emibini kwi-AIG ukukhusela ukutshatyalaliswa kwayo kunye nokugxininisa ngakumbi kwezoqoqosho.

Ngokubuyisela, iFed yathatha ubunini bee-79.9 zeepesenti ze-AIG. Oko kwanika ilungelo lokubuyisela indawo yokulawula, okwenzayo. Kwakhona unamandla okuvota phezu kwazo zonke izigqibo ezibalulekileyo, kuquka ukuthengiswa kweempahla kunye nokuhlawula izabelo.

Ukukhishwa kwemali kwenzeke ngqo emva komhla omnye emva kokuba uNobhala we-US Treasury uHenry Paulson uthe bekungekho enye iWall Street. Olu tshintsho lwaphoqeleka ibhanki yotyalo-mali Lehman Brothers ukuba bangene kwi-bankruptcy. Kwafika ngeveki emva kokuba urhulumente uthathe uFannie Mae noFreddie Mac . Kwakuyiinyanga ezintandathu emva kokuba iFed ikhuphe i-Bear Stearns. Kamva ngeveki, uPaulson noBernanke baya kwiCapitol bacela i-$ 700 yeebhiliyoni yokukhusela imali yokuhlangula zonke iibhanki.

Ngo-Oktobha 2008, i-Fed yaqesha u-Edward Liddy njenge-CEO kunye noSihlalo. Umsebenzi wakhe kwakuwukuba aphule i-AIG kwaye athengise iinqununu ukuze abuyisele imali mboleko. Kodwa imarike yemasheya yanyuka ngo-Oktobha, okwenza ukuba akunakwenzeka. Nabani na abathengi abanokufuna nayiphi na imali engaphezulu kwemali yamabhanti. Ngelo xesha, uLiddy kwafuneka ahlawule ngokukhuselekileyo izigidigidi kwi-swaps default default. (Umthombo: "URhulumente unikela ngePakethi yoNcedo lweRekodi ku-AIG," i-Associated Press, ngoNovemba 11, 2008.)

NgoNovemba 8, 2008, i-Fed ye-US $ 85 yezigidigidi ze-AIG yahlaziywa. Isebe leNondyebo lithenge iiligidi ezingama-40 zama-AIG kwiindawo ezikhethiweyo ze- AIG zisebenzisa i- TARP . I-Fed yathengile i-$ 52.5 yezigidigidi kwii -securities ezixhaswe ngemali . Iimali zavumela i-AIG ukuba ithathe umhlala phantsi kwi-credit default swaps yayo, ikhuphe i-bankruptcy kwaye ikhusele utyalo-mali lwangaphambili.

Ngo-3 kuMatshi 3, 2009: I-AIG ibike ukulahlekelwa kweMali ephezulu kwiMbali

I-AIG ibike ilahleko enkulu kwiimbali zenkampani, irekhodi eyi-61.7 yezigidigidi kwi-Q4 2008. Ngenxa yokulahleka kwe-AIG, i- Dow yawa malunga namanqaku angama-300 ukuvalela kwi-6,763.29. Leyo yayikufutshane kakhulu ukususela ngo-Ephreli 25, 1997 xa ivalwe kwi-6,738.27. Kwaye kuncinci kunomdlulileyo wangaphambili, owawu-7197 ngo-Oktobha 9, 2002. I-Dow ilahle ngaphezu kwama-50 ekhulwini ukusuka kwixesha layo elide eli-14,164, lifike ngo-Oktobha 9, 2007.

Ukongeza kwilahleko ye-AIG, abatyali-mali bachithelwa ukuba iPhakethe ye-Economic stimulus package yayingekho enkulu ngokwaneleyo. I-Citigroup icele isitifiketi sesithathu sonyango karhulumente. UWarren Buffet waseBerkshire Hathaway uthumele ukulahlekelwa kwincwadi yakhe embi kunayo yonke kwimbali yayo. (Umthombo: "AmaShishini aDlula emhlabeni wonke," iBloomberg, ngoMatshi 2, 2009.)

04 I-Scandal yeBhonus

Emva kokuxela eli lahleko kunye nokuthatha imali, i-AIG ihlawule i-$ 165 yezigidi kwiibhonasi kubaphathi bayo. Abantu babethukuthele, bade bakhuphe ukufa kwe-AIG CEO u-Edward Liddy.

Oku kwakungekho mfuneko yeebhonasi ukuvuza umsebenzi wezolawulo. Babenobhonasi bokugcina. Abasebenzi be-AIG baceliwe ukuba bahlale kwaye bakhusele ngokukhuselekileyo i- credit default swaps , ezo iimarike zabo zaphela. Ezi zinto zivela kunzima kangangokuthi akukho mntu waziqonda. Kwakhona babenomdla.

Kwathatha inqanaba elifanayo lokuziqhelanisa ukuphuma kwimeko ekhuselekileyo eyathatha ukungena kuyo. Ukuvumela ukuba i-swaps iwahlukane ingabakhokhela urhulumente wase-US ngaphezu kwe-165 yezigidi.

U-Edward Liddy akazange afune imali yokukhuthaza ukucoceka. I-Fed yayimqeshe umvuzo we-$ 1. Waphatha ngempumelelo isicwangciso esilukhuni esinokuphucula ngokukhuselekileyo amaninzi e-outstanding swaps.

Oku kukhusela ubunini bakho kwinkampani njengomrhafi werhafu. Kwakhona kwakhusela iphothifoliyo yakho yokuthatha umhlalaphantsi, ekubeni imali edibeneyo kunye nemali yemarike yemali ibeke imali kwi-swaps ye-AIG.

05 2012: USondyebo we-US uthengiswe ekugqibeleni kwe-AIG Stock, Ukwenza iNzuzo

NgoDisemba 2012, iSebe lezeNondyebo lithengise ukugqibela kwezabelo zalo eziseleyo ze-AIG. Ewonke, urhulumente kunye nabarhafi berhafu benza imali engama-dollar ayi-23 kwi-AIG. Kungenxa yokuba i-AIG yayixabiseke kakhulu ngo-2012 kunokuba ibe ngowama-2008. (Umthombo: "Ngaba i-AIG Inzuzo kaNondyebo i-US Treasury?" CNBC, Disemba 11, 2012.)

06 2015: I-AIG ihlawule i-$ 1 eBillion yokuSungula iSabelo sabanini-mali

Abaphathi-mali be-AIG, ekhokelwa ngumhlalaphantsi waseMichigan, basolisa inkampani yabanini-nxaxheba abakhohlisayo malunga nokuba yingozi kangakanani ukuba i-credit default swaps yenziwe. I-AIG yavuma ukuhlawula imali eyi-970.5 yezigidi kubatyalomali abathengi izabelo ze-AIG phakathi kuka-Matshi 16, 2006 kunye noSeptemba 16, 2008. Le ngenye yezona zikhulu zokuhlala kwiiklasi ukususela ngo-2008. (Umthombo: "I-AIG ukuhlawula i-$ 1 Billion ukubeka i-Class Action-Action Suit eyenziwa ngabaSabelo-mali," i-New York Times, ngoMatshi 22, 2015.)

07 2017: Urhulumente Wephondo ususe ulawulo lwaloo-AIG

Ngomhla ka-Septemba 29, 2017, iBhunga loLawulo lokuPhepha kweMali livotele ukukhupha i-AIG ukuba iphakame kakhulu. IBhunga ladalwa ngu- Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act ukulawula iifenimali zezimali ezichaphazela yonke imboni.

Esinye isizathu kukuba i-AIG iye yazinikela ngakumbi ekusebenzisaneni nabalawuli ukunciphisa umngcipheko. Esinye isizathu kukuba inkampani iye yahlahlela isiqingatha sayo ngobukhulu kwiminyaka eyi-10 edluleyo. Isizathu sesithathu kukuba i-AIG ibuyele kwiingcambu zayo zemveli zomshuwalense. Enye yezona zinto zithengisa kakhulu i-inshurensi yecala. Ibuye ithengise inshorensi yobomi, i-annuities kunye ne-inshurensi yasekhaya kunye nemoto.

Isigqibo siya kunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza ze-AIG. Akuyi kuhambelana nemimiselo emininzi. (Umthombo: "US iyanqanda ulawulo lwe-AIG," i-Wall Street Journal, Septemba 29, 2017.)

08 Yintoni i-Aig Insurance Company?

I-AIG yenye ye-insurers enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Uninzi lwezoshishino zalo bubomi bendawo jikelele, i-auto, ikhaya, ishishini kunye ne-inshurensi yokuhamba, kunye nemikhiqizo yomhlalaphantsi njengeminyaka ehleliweyo kunye neyintlobo.

Kwangena enkingeni xa idlulela ngaphaya kwebhizinisi lomshuwalense walo wendabuko. Icandelo leenkonzo zezeMali liye lafika kwiinqwelo-moya kunye nokuqeshisa izixhobo, iimarike ezinkulu, iimali zabathengi kunye ne-insurance premium finance. Imisebenzi yoLawulo lweAsset ehlinzekwa ukuphathwa kweefa ze-asethi kunye neentengiso, iinkonzo ze-broker-dealer kunye nezoshishino-mali ezisekelwe kwintengiso.

Ngenxa yentlekele, isiseko somqeshwa we-AIG saguquke ukusuka kuma-116 000 ngo-2008 ukuya kuma-56,400 ngo-2016. Ukunciphisa iindleko nokuthengisa izinto ukuze kube lula kwaye ube yinzuzo kwakhona. (Umthombo: "I-AIG Headcount Falls ngo-10 000 ngonyaka omnye," iBloomberg, ngoFebruwari 24, 2017.)