Isizathu Sinyaniso seNkqubela yeMboleko
Iimpawu ezenziwayo
Uninzi lweemvelaphi ziqala ngexabiso langempela. Nantsi indlela asebenza ngayo, esebenzisa ukhuseleko oluxhaswa ngemali njengomzekelo.
- Ibhanki iboleka imali kummeli wendlu.
- Ibhanki yathengisa imali yokuthenga imali kuFannie Mae . Oku kunika ibhanki imali ngakumbi ukwenza iimali-mboleko ezintsha.
- UFannie Mae uthengisa imali yokuthenga ngemali kwiphakethe yezinye iimali zokuthenga imali kwimarike yesibini . Olu lukhuseleko lokuxhaswa ngemali, olunexabiso elithatyathwe lixabiso leemali zokubolekwa kwemali kwisithandwa.
- Ngokuqhelekileyo i-MBS ithengwa ngesikhwama se-hedge fund , esiye siphucula isahlulo se-MBS, masithi iminyaka yesibini nesithathu yemali-mboleko yenzalo kuphela, ekhuselekileyo ukusuka ekugqibeleni, kodwa inika neyona ntlawulo ephezulu. Isebenzisa iinkqubo zekhompyutheni eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuze zibonwe zonke ezi ngxaki. Idibanisa kunye namanqanaba afanayo engozini eminye ye-MBS kunye nee-resells nje loo ngxenye, ebizwa ngokuba yi- tranche , nakwezinye i-hedge funds.
- Zonke zihamba kakuhle kwaze kwaba yilapho amaxabiso ezindlu ahla okanye amaxabiso omhlaba aphinde ahlaziywe kwaye i-mortgages iqala ukusilela.
Yilokho okwenzeka phakathi kuka-2004 no-2006 xa i-Federal Reserve iqalile ukuphakamisa izinga lokuxhaswa kwemali .
Abaninzi ababolekileyo babenemali -mboleko-mboleko kuphela, efana neyoluhlobo lwemali ebolekiswayo . Ngokungafani nemboleko yesiqhelo , ixabiso lentengo liphakama kunye neqondo lokunyusa imali. Xa i-Fed iqalise ukuphakamisa amaxabiso, aba benzi-mboleko bafumana ukuba abanako ukufumana iintlawulo. Oku kwenzeka ngexesha elifanayo ukuba inzala yenzalo isetyenziswe, ngokuqhelekileyo emva kweminyaka emithathu.
Njengoko isantya senzalo senyuka, imfuno yezindlu zawa, kunye neendleko zekhaya. Laba bantu abanemali-mboleko bafumanisa ukuba abanako ukwenza iintlawulo okanye bathengise indlu, ngoko bahlala bengenazo. Ukufumana okungakumbi, jonga iNgqungquthela yokuLawulwa kweeNgxowa-mali ze-Mortgage .
Okubaluleke kakhulu, ezinye iindawo ze-MBS zazingenanto, kodwa akukho mntu unokukwazi ukuba yiziphi iindawo. Ekubeni akukho mntu wayeyiqonda ngokwenene oko kwakukho kwi-MBS, akukho mntu wayesazi ukuba yintoni ixabiso lexabiso le-MBS ngokwenene. Oku kuqinisekiswa kwabangela ukuvalwa kweemarike zesekondari, okwakubhekiselele ukuba iibhanki kunye neengxowa zemali zineentlobo ezininzi ezivela kwixabiso kwaye zingenakuzithengisa.
Kungekudala, iibhanki zayeka ukubolekisana ngokubanzi, kuba beyesaba ukufumana ezinye iziphumo ezinokubakhokelela. Xa oko kwenzeka, baqala ukuhlawula imali ukuze bahlawule imisebenzi yabo yemihla ngemihla. Ukufumana okungaphezulu, jonga uhlahlo lwexesha loqoqosho lwe-2007 .
Yiloo nto eyabangela ibhanti yokubhankanya ibhanki . Yayilungiselelwe ekuqaleni ukufumana ezi zivela kwiincwadi zeebhanki ukuze ziqalise ukwenza iimboleko kwakhona.
Akunjalo nje iimali zokuthenga imali ezibonelela ngexabiso elisezantsi. Ezinye iintlobo zemali-mboleko kunye ne-asethi zinakho. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba ixabiso eliphantsi lilityala lenkampani, ityala lekhadi lesikweledu okanye imali ebolekisa ngemali, ngoko i-derivative ibizwa ngokuba yimbopheleleko yetyala .
Uhlobo lwe-CDO luyimpapa yorhwebo exhaswa yi- asethi , enetyala elifunekayo kunyaka. Ukuba iyintengiso yesikweletu, i-derivative ibizwa ngokuba yi- default default change .
Akukuphela nje ukuba le marike yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kwaye kunzima ukuyixabisa, ayilawulwa nguMthetho we- Securities and Exchange Exchange . Oko kuthetha ukuba akukho mithetho okanye i-oversights ekuncediseni ukuba bathembele kumathathi-nxaxheba. Xa umntu ehlaselwa, njengokuba uLeehman Brothers wenza, kwaqala ukuphazamiseka phakathi kweengxowa zemali kunye neebhanki ukuba oorhulumente behlabathi bazama ukugqiba ngokupheleleyo.
Imizekelo yezinto ezenziwayo