Kutheni i-Bhanki yakho isebenzisa i-Mortgage yakho, kunye nendlela ekunceda ngayo
Imarike yesibini yokubolekwa kwemali ivumela iibhanki ukuba zithengise iimali-mboleko kubathengi-mali njengemali yempesheni , iinkampani zomshuwalense kunye norhulumente wephondo.
Ingeniso inika amabhanki amatsha amatsha ukubonelela ngemali engaphezulu. Ngaphambi kokuba kusetyenziswe imarike yesibini, iibhanki ezinkulu zinamaphepha azinzulu ezibophelela imali ebomini mboleko, ngokuqhelekileyo kwiminyaka eyi-15 ukuya kwe-30. Ngenxa yoko, ababenokubuyisela ekhaya babekho ixesha elinzima xa befumana ababolekisi bemali mboleko.
Ekubeni kwakukho ukhuphiswano oluncinci phakathi kwababolekisi, banokuhlawulisa inzala ephezulu.
Umthetho weCharter Charter ka-1968 wasombulula le ngxaki ngokudala uFannie Mae , noFreddie Mac iminyaka emibini kamva. Ezi shishini ezixhaswe ngu rhu lumente zithenga iimali zokubolekwa kweebhanki kwaye ziphinde zibuyele kwabanye abatyala-mali. Iimali mboleko azithengiswa ngabanye. Esikhundleni saloo nto zixhamla kwiimali ezixhaswe ngemali . Ixabiso labo likhuselekile, okanye lixhaswe, ngokubaluleka kwesigxina se-mortgage.
Ngaphambi kweengxaki zentengiselwano yokubambisa imali , loo mabini ayenayo okanye aqinisekisiwe ama-40 ekhulwini lawo onke amabhonki ase-US. NjengoLehman Brothers, Bear Stearns kunye nezinye iibhanki zazixhaswa ngamasheya aphantsi kwemali kunye nezinye izinto ezivela kwiingxaki zemali zango - 2008 , iibhanki zabucala zaphuma kwiimakethi yokuthenga imali. Ngenxa yoko, uFannie noFreddie baba nexanduva malunga neepesenti ezingama-100, ngokubambisana ngokubambisana kunye nezo zonyango. Funda kabanzi malunga nendlela uFannie Mae kunye noFreddie Mac baDala ngayo iNkqubela yeNgxowa-mali ye-Subprime .
Amabhanki kuphela aqala ukubuyela kwimarike yesibini ngo-2013. Nangona kunjalo, basabambelele kuma-27 ekhulwini lwemali ekhishwe ngonyaka ka-2014, inqanaba eliphezulu kwiminyaka elishumi. Kukho izizathu ezintathu zezi zinto:
- UFannie noFreddie baphakamise iimali zabo zokuqinisekisa ukusukela kwi-0.2 ekhulwini yemali mboleko ibe ngama-0.5 ekhulwini. Ngenxa yoko, iibhanki ezininzi zifumanisa ukuba zincinci ukuba zibambe kwiimboleko ezikhuselekileyo.
- Amabhanki enza imali engaphezulu ye-"jumbo", eyadlulela kwimingcele yeFennie kunye neFreddie kwaye ngenxa yoko ayinakunceda. Ipesenti iye yenyuka esuka kuma-14 ekhulwini kuwo onke amaqalo ngo-2013 ukuya kuma-19 ekhulwini ngo-2014.
- Amabhanki enza ambolekisi ambalwa kuphela kubaxhasi abanamalungelo amaninzi kuphela. Inani elilonke lama dollar lemali yokuhlala yokuhlala lawa ngama-2.7 ekhulwini phakathi kuka-2012 no-2014. Ngelo xesha, ixabiso lawo lilonke lakhula li-7.6 ekhulwini. (Umthombo: "Amabhanki Agcina Imali Yabo kufuphi Nekhaya", uJohn Carney, I-Wall Street Journal, Matshi 23, 2015.)
Ezinye iiMakethe zesekondari
Kukho nakwiimarike zesekondari kwezinye iindidi zeetyala, kunye nezitokethi. Iinkampani zezemali zithengisa kwaye zithengisa imali-mboleko yemoto, ityala lekhadi lesikweletu kunye netyala lenkampani . Amasheya athengiswa kwiimarike ezimbini ezidumileyo, iNew York Stock Exchange kunye neNASDAQ . Nazi ezinye kwiimarike eziphambili zee-stocks, ezibizwa ngokuba nguMnikelo woLuntu oQalayo .
Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwiimarike zesekondari kwiimali-mali ze- US, ii-bond kunye namanqaku . Imfuno yale Nondyebo ithintela yonke inzala . Nantsi indlela. Amanqaku e-Nondyebo, axhaswa nguRhulumente wase-US, yilotyalomali olukhuselekileyo kwihlabathi. Ngoko ke, banokunikela ngesivuno esiphantsi. Abatyalomali abafuna ukubuyela ngaphezulu, kwaye bazimisele ukuthatha ingozi enkulu, baya kuthenga ezinye iibhondi, ezifana noomasipala okanye kunye nezibophelelo ezingekho phantsi kwempahla.
Xa ukufunwa kweeNondye kuphakamileyo, ke umrhumo wezinga lentengo unako ukuhlawulela kuwo onke amatyala. Xa ixabiso leNondyebo liphantsi, ngoko ke inzala kufuneka inyuke kuwo onke amatyala kwimarike yesibini. Ngaphezulu, bonani ubudlelwane phakathi kwamaNondyebo weNondyebo kunye neNkcazo yeMali yokuThengisa imali .
Njengoko ukuzithemba kubuyela kwimarike yesibini yokubolekwa kwemali, iya kubuya kwiimarike zesekondari. Ngo-2007, ukugcinwa kwekhadi yemoto kunye nekhredithi bekuyi-178 yezigidigidi zeebhiliyoni, kodwa kwahlulwa kwi-$ 65 yezigidigidi ngo-2010. Ngo-2012, babuye bafumana i-$ 100 yezigidigidi, ngokwe-Standard & Poor's. (Umthombo: "Yeka indlela i-Bond Play Excure Can Unceda ngayo abathengi," Ian Salisbury, Marketwatch, Agasti 25, 2012.)
Kutheni le ntengiso ibini? Abanini-zimali abaninzi ngoku bazimisele ukufumana ithuba lokubolekwa kwemali mboleko kwiibhanki ezihloniphekileyo kuba isivuno semali ye-Treasury sineminyaka engama-200 .
Oko kuthetha ukuba ukunciphisa okwenziwe yi-Federal Reserve kwandinceda ukubuyisela ukusebenza kwiimarike zemali. Ngokuthenga i-US Treasury, i-Fed inyanzelekile isivuno kwaye yenza ezinye iimali-mali zibukeka zingcono ngokuthelekisa.
Isiphumo? Iibhanki ngoku zithengisa iimarike zemali-mboleko. Oku kunika imali eyongezelelweyo ukwenza iimali-mboleko ezintsha.
Indlela iMakethe Yesekondari ikuchaphazela ngayo
Ukubuya kweemarike zesekondari kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ufuna imboleko yemoto, amakhadi amatyala amatsha okanye umboleko wezoshishino. Ukuba wenze isicelo semboleko kwangoko kwaye waphenduka, zama kwakhona. Ngaphandle koko, umlinganiselo wakho wekhredithi ungaphantsi kwe-720 . Kwimeko apho, isinyathelo sakho sokuqala ukulungisa i-credit yakho. Nazi ezinye iingcebiso ezikhululekile zokulungisa i-credit yakho ngokwakho .
Kukhulu kakhulu ukukhula koqoqosho. Iindleko zethengi zivelisa malunga neepesenti ezingama-70 zoqoqosho lwe-US, njengoko zilinganiswa ngumkhiqizo owenziwe ekhaya . Ngo-2007, abaninzi abathengi basebenzisa ityala lekhadi lokuthenga ngetyala . Emva kweengxaki zemali, bayeke ukunqumla amatyala, okanye banqatshelwe ukungena kwiibhanki eziphazamisayo. Ukubuyiselwa kwe-securitization kuthetha abatyalo-mali kunye neebhanki banesiseko esincinci. Umatyala wabathengi uyakhula, ukwandisa ukukhula koqoqosho. Iifomanani zakutshanje, jonga Njani iMatyala akho eKhadi laMatyala athelekisa kuMyinge ?