Umsebenzi weeMithandathu kaMasipala

Ezine ezisongelayo

Izibophezelo zikamasipala zibolekisi- mali bootyali benza oorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Ziyakhutshwa zizixeko, amabala, amabhunga, okanye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Ngenxa yeso sizathu, umdla abo bahlawula kwiibhonkxa ngokuqhelekileyo ayinalo irhafu.

Izibopheko zikamasipala ziyimfihlo . Oko kuthetha ukuba umnini-mvelaphi angayithengisa kwabanye abatyali-mali kwiimarike zesekondari. Ixabiso lingatshintshwa nangona isantya somdla singenzi.

Imarike yeebhanki zikamasipala i $ 3.7 trillion.

Amashumi anesithandathu-ipesenti yilezo zibophelelo eziqhelekileyo. Oko kuthetha ukuba umasipala kufuneka ahlawule ngokusebenzisa imali yerhafu yangoku.

Phantse ama-40 ekhulwini kwi-market bond bond Umasipala uyabahlawulela abo abanemali evela kwimvelaphi ethile. Ezi khoboka zihlala zihlawula iiprojekthi ezivelisa imali. Ezibandakanya imigwaqo yeendlela, ii-atnas zezemidlalo, okanye iinkqubela ezixhaswa ngumzi. Ukuba imithombo yengeniso iyomile, umasipala akayi kuhlawula. Udidi lwesithathu lweebhondi lwenziwa egameni lamaqela abucala ngenjongo kawonkewonke. Ziquka iikholeji ezingenanto kunye nezibhedlele. Umasipala ulungisa nje ukuthengiswa kweebhondi. Akunamatyala kula matyala xa i-private entity ayihlawuli.

Indlela Abasebenza ngayo

Izibophelelo zikaMasipala zihlawula inzala kubatyalomali, ngokuqhelekileyo kabini ngonyaka. Abathumeli beBond bahlawulela inqununu ngomhla wokukhula komtshato. Leyo enye kwiminyaka emithathu ukuxhamla kwee-short-term bonds, kunye neminyaka elishumi okanye ngaphezulu kwiibhondi zexesha elide.

Iibhondi zikaMasipala zisebenza kakuhle kubatyalomali abafuna umrhumo wokufumana irhafu. Abo bavame ukutyalomali kwi-bracket engenayo yerhafu. Ngenxa yoko, banemivuzo emncinci encinci kunezibophelelo ezihlawulwayo. Ungabathenga ngokuthe ngqo kumthengisi womthengisi weebhondi. Ungabakho kwakhona ngokuchanekileyo ngokusebenzisa i-fund ye-bond bond.

Kwixesha elidlulileyo, iidolophu ezimbalwa kakhulu. Izibopheko zikamasipala zibhekwa njengengozi kakhulu. Abaninzi abanamabhanki omasipala abathinteliyo abathengisi ngexesha lobomi bentambo. Nangona kunjalo, abo bafumana intlawulo yebhondi ngokwayo utshintsho ngokusekelwe ekunikezeni kunye nemfuno kwimarike evulekileyo.

Ezine ezisongelayo

Ngo-2014, owayengumongameli we- Federal Reserve uPaul Volcker wabhala incwadi yesifundo esinezinto eziyiminyaka emithathu: "Ingxelo yokugqibela yeCrisis Budget Force Task Force". Ukufunyaniswa kwayo kwakungekho nto ebantwini. Eli qela lifumene iimpazamo zesakhiwo kwiimali zengingqi kunye neyezidolophu eziya ziba nzima. Oku kubhekiselele kusongelo kubo bonke abaxhasi bamasipala. Kubi kakhulu, kungabangela enye ingxaki yezemali.

1. Iminikelo kwimali yomhlalaphantsi yomqeshwa ayaneleyo ukuhlawula ukuhlawula okuqinisekileyo okuzayo kubaqeshi. Izixeko zinezigqibo ezintathu ezimbi. Bamele baphakamise irhafu, banciphise imali kwizinye iinkonzo, okanye banciphise iinzuzo.
2. Inkcitho enkulu kakhulu yebhajethi yelizwe i-Medicaid. Lezi zindleko zezempilo zikhulayo, ezinokubangela ukwabelana ngemali kwimizi.
3. Amadolophu kunye namazwe akhupha izibophelelo zokujonga iindleko zokusebenza zangoku.
4. Bathengisa impahla ukuze bahlawule iindleko zokusebenza.

Ngenxa yoko, abanalo imali yokutyalo-mali kwiziseko ezintsha.

Ezi ziquka iindlela, amabhuloho nezakhiwo. Ikwabandakanya imfundo kunye nezinye iinkonzo.

Indlela iDetroit's Bankruptcy yatshintsha ngayo umdlalo weBondowners kaMasipala

NgoJulayi 18, 2013, isixeko saseDetroit safaka iSahluko se-9 se-bankruptcy kwi-$ 18.5 billion. Kwakuyidolophu enkulu kunazo zonke yaseMerika ukuthatha inyathelo elixakekileyo. I-Detroit yasetyenziselwa ukutshatyalaliswa kwenkxaso-mali yokunyaniseka kwiimbopheleleko ezibopheleleyo. Yatsho ukuba ayinayo inzuzo yokuhlawula iibhondi. Ababolekisi kunye nabatshutshisi bafumana imali engama-R7 billion kwilahleko. Bafumana i-dollar eyi-14 ukuya kuma-75, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lokubambisana. Iimali zepensheni zavunyelwana nokubuya okungama-6.75%. Oko kwakungaphantsi kunezinto ababezenzileyo ngaphambili, kodwa kusekho izinga eliphezulu lokubuyela xa kuthelekiswa nokunye utyalo-mali. Kwakubuyiselwa i-4.5 ekhulwini kwinqanaba lokuhlola, ukuphela kokunyuka kweendleko zokuhlala, kunye neminikelo yokunakekelwa kwempilo ephezulu.

I-Detroit iya kuchitha i-$ 1.7 yezigidigidi kwiinkonzo. Oko kuthetha ukuphucula ixesha le-911-mpendulo. Umyinge weDetroit unemizuzu engama-58, xa kuthelekiswa nomyinge wesiqingatha selizwe eli-11. Nangona i-bankruptcy iyimpendulo kwimeko yetyala, umlawuli waseMichigan uRick Snyder uthe iminyaka engama-60 ekwenzeni. Kwaye kwandezelwa yinkxalabo yemali ka - 2008 .

Isibambiso sinempembelelo emide kwixesha loqoqosho lwe-US ngokubeka izihlandlo zesizwe. Ingxaki ebalulekileyo ekubanjelwe ukuba ngubani oza kuhlawula intlawulo. Ngaba baya kuba ngabaxhasi okanye abasebenzi basezidolophini, nokuba ngaba baqeshwe okanye bahlala phantsi? Okanye ngaba ngaba ngabahlali?

Bondholders bathi banyanzelekile ukuba bahlawule ngaphezu kwesabelo sabo esifanelekileyo. Umgwebi we-US Bankruptcy uSteven Rhodes ufumene ukuba izibophelelo zedolophu kwizibophelelo kunye neebhonkco zigqitywe yimithetho ye-Federal bankruptcy. Wayevumile isicwangciso seD Detroit, esasinyanzela ukuba abanamakhoboka bathathe amanxeba amakhulu. Kungenxa yokuba wayefuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba isicwangciso sasiyasebenza. I-Stockton, i-CA, ibuye ikhusele abakhokhi berhafu, abasebenzi kunye nabathathe umhlala-phantsi ngaphezu kweenkonzo zabasebenzi. Abahlalutyi balumkisa ukuba i-bankruptcy inokuqhuba iindleko ezibophelelweyo kwiidolophu ezisemaphandleni. (Umthombo: "Cwangcisa ukuphuma kwi-Bankruptcy iyakwamukelwa i-Detroit," i-New York Times, ngoNovemba 7, 2014. "I-Detroit Bankruptcy ifundise iMuni Investors Izifundo ezibuhlungu," iBloomberg, ngoSeptemba 6, 2014. "I-Detroit Files ye-Bankruptcy," iDetroit Free Press , NgoJulayi 19, 2013. "Abalawuli bezeShishini abaLindelanga umthelela omkhulu," iDetroit News, ngoJulayi 18, 2013.)

Indlela ekuchaphazela ngayo

Ukuchithwa kweDetroit ekugqibeleni kungagqitywa ukunyusa izinga lentengo kumabhondi amatsha kamasipala kuzo zonke izixeko. Okokuba ngaba abatyali bezentengiso bafuna ukubuyela ngaphezulu komngcipheko omkhulu wokungagqibekanga komasipala.

Ukuba oku kwenzekile, izibophezelo zikamasipala ozithandayo zingahle zinciphise ixabiso kuba izibophelelo ezitsha ziya kuhlawula ngaphezulu. Uninzi lwabahlalutyi abakucingi ukuba luya kuthinta i-market bond bond. Kungenxa yokuba abaninzi abatyali-mali bayaqaphela ukuba ezininzi izixeko azikho uhlobo olufanayo lwemali ezifana neDetroit.

Indlela efanelekileyo yokuzikhusela kukuba uhlolisise isixeko kwaye uchaze ngemali ngenyameko. Ukuqwalasela indlela abaxhasayo ngayo iindleko zabo zokusebenza, kuquka iipensheni ezizayo. Kufuneka ukhangele ngaphezu kwekhredithi yemboleko.

Nangona ungatyala imali kumabhondi kamasipala, gcina iliso malunga namacandelo malunga naliphi na isixeko esizayo kunye ne-bankruptcy state. Uhlolisiso luye lwaxwayisa ukuba iingxaki zeDetroit zabelwana ngazo kulo lonke ilizwe.

Iintlobo: IiNqununu zeeNondyebo, amanqaku kunye neeBonds | Bondings Bonds | Bonds | Bonds Corporate | Iibhondi zeJunk?