Qonda iiNtlobo ezintathu zeeNqununu
Ngenxa yeso sizathu, izitheno zithengiswa kalula. Oko kuthetha ukuba batyebile . Zilula kumanani, kwaye ngoko ke izibonakaliso ezigqwesileyo zexabiso elingaphantsi kwexabiso.
Abahwebi kufuneka banikezwe ilayisenisi ukuthenga nokuthengisa iziqinisekiso zokuqinisekisa ukuba baqeqeshelwe ukulandela imithetho ebekwa yiKhomishana yoTyhuseleko kunye noTshintshiso .
Ukuqulunqwa kweemali ezikhuselekileyo kwakha impumelelo enkulu yeemarike zemali .
Kukho iintlobo ezintathu ze-Securities
1. Ulwabiwo-mali lwamaxabiso ngamashishini enkampani. Unokuthenga izitokisi zeenkampani ngokusebenzisa umthengisi. Unokuthenga kwakhona izabelo ze- fund eyodwa ekhetha iisitishi kuwe. Iimarike zesekondari zemali ezithathwe kwi-equity derives are the market . Iquka iNew York Stock Exchange , iNASDAQ kunye neBATS .
Isibonelelo sokuqala esidlangalaleni xa iinkampani zithengisa isitulo okokuqala. Iibhanki zotyalo-mali, njengeGoldman Sachs okanye uMorgan Stanley , bathengise ngoku ngqo abathengi abafanelekileyo. IPOs yindlela ekhethileyo yokutshala imali. Iinkampani zeThes zizithengisa ngobuninzi bempahla. Xa bebetha i-market market, ixabiso labo liyakhuphuka. Kodwa awukwazi ukuhlawula kude kubekho ixesha elithile elidlule. Ngaloo ndlela, intengo yesitokhe isenokuthi iwele phantsi komnikelo wokuqala.
2. Imali-mboleko yemali-mboleko iyimali- mboleko, ebizwa ngokuba yi- bonds , eyenziwa kwinkampani okanye kwilizwe.
Unokuthenga izibophelelo kumthengisi. Unokuthenga kwakhona iimali ezidibeneyo zeebhondi ezikhethiweyo.
Iikhampani zenkcitho zivavanya ukuba kwenzeka ukuba ubophelo luya kubuyiselwa njani. Ezi feme ziquka i- Standard & Poor's , i-Moody's, ne-Fitch's. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthengiswa kwebhondi ephumelelayo, abolekayo kufuneka bahlawule amaxabiso amanqanaba aphezulu xa ukulinganisa kwabo kungaphantsi kwe-AAA.
Ukuba amanqaku aphantsi kakhulu, ayaziwa njengezibophelelo ezingenanto . Ngaphandle kwengozi yabo, abatyali-mali bathenga izibophelelo ezingenanto ngenxa yokuba zinika ixabiso eliphezulu.
Iibhanki zentsebenziswano ziboleka imali kwiinkampani. Ukuba iibhondi ziya kwilizwe, ziyaziwa njengetyala elizimeleyo . Imiba kaRhulumente waseUnited States. Ngenxa yokuba ezi zibophelelwano ezikhuselekileyo, ukuveliswa kwe-Nondyebo kuyingqinakalo kuzo zonke ezinye iirhafu. Ngomhla ka-Apreli 2011, xa i-Standard & Poor igawula imbono yayo kwi-matyala ase-US , i- Dow ilahlekelwe ngamanqaku angama-200. Leyo ndlela ixabiso lokubanjiswa kweeNondyebo ezixabisekileyo kuqoqosho lwe-US.
3. Izithenkethi ezithembekileyo zisekelwe kwixabiso lempahla, iibhondi okanye ezinye izinto. Bavumela abahwebi ukuba bafumane ukubuyela okuphezulu kunokuthenga i-asethi ngokwayo.
Izinketho ze-Stock zivumela ukuba uthengise kwiimpahla ngaphandle kokuzithenga ngaphambili. Ngomrhumo omncinci, ungathenga inketho yeefowuni ukuthenga isitishi ngosuku oluthile ngexabiso elithile. Ukuba ixabiso lesitokhu senyuka, usebenzisa indlela oyikhethayo kwaye uthenge isitishi kwintengo ephantsi. Unokubamba okanye uhlawule ngokukhawuleza ngentengo ephezulu.
Ukhetho olukhethileyo lunikeza ilungelo lokuthengisa isitokethi ngomhla othile ngexesha lentengo evunyelweneyo. Ukuba ixabiso lentengo liphantsi ngaloo mini, uyithenga kwaye wenze inzuzo ngokuyithengisa kwixabiso elivumile, eliphezulu.
Ukuba ixabiso lesitokisi liphezulu, awuyi kulukhetha. Kubiza kuphela intlawulo yekhetho.
Iikhontrakthi zexesha elizayo zivela kwizinto eziphathekayo . Ezona ziqhelekileyo ziyile, iirhafu kunye nemveliso yezolimo. Njengokukhethwa kukho, uhlawula umrhumo omncinci, obizwa ngokuba ngumda. Ikunika ilungelo lokuthenga okanye ukuthengisa iimveliso zexabiso elivunyelweneyo kwixesha elizayo. Ixesha elizayo liyingozi ngaphezu kokukhetha kuba kufuneka usebenzise. Ungena kwisivumelwano sangempela ofuna ukuzalisekisa.
Iimali eziqinisekisiwe ze-asethi zivela kwiimpawu ezixhomekeke kwimbuyekezo evela kwimithwalo ye-asethi ephantsi, ngokuqhelekileyo izibophelelo. Into eyaziwa kakhulu yi- mortgage-backed securities , ezanceda ukudala i- subprime mortgage crisis . Okungaqhelekanga kwiphepha lezorhwebo elisezantsi . Ingumthwalo wemali-mboleko yenkampani exhaswa yizinto ezifana neentengiso zentengiso okanye i-autos.
Izibophelelo zetyala ezidibeneyo zithatha ezi ziqinisekiso kwaye zahlula zibe ngongoma , okanye iinkalo, ezinomngcipheko ofanayo.
Izitheno zentengiso-ziphumo ezivela kwiimali ezixhaswe ngeeveki zeeveki zenkampani. Asokho. Abatyalomali bacinga ukuba ukubuyiswa kwale ndlela kukhuselekile njengezibophelelo ezingundoqo. Ukubuyiselwa kweemali zetete zibekwe ngokweentengiso zangeveki nganye okanye zenyanga ziqhutywa ngabadayisi-mboleki. Kwakuyimakethi engacacanga, oku kuthetha ukuba abatshali-mali abathathi-nxaxheba bathatha inxaxheba. Oko kwenza ukuba izithente ziphephe ngaphezu kweebhondi ngokwazo. Imarike yokuthengiswa kwezinga lokuthengisa i-auction ngonyaka ka-2008. Oku kwashiya abatyali-mali abaninzi bephethe isikhwama. Kwakhokelela kuphando lweSES.
Iimpawu ezikhuselekileyo zokuthintela njani uqoqosho
I-Securities yenza kube lula kulabo abanemali ukufumana abo bafuna imali eyinkunzi- mali. Oku kwenza ukuba yorhwebo lufumaneke kwaye lufumaneke kubanini-mali abaninzi. Iziqinisekiso zenza iimarike ziphumelele.
Ngokomzekelo, i-market market yenza kube lula ukuba abatyali-mali babone ukuba ziphi iinkampani ezenza kakuhle kwaye ziphi na izinto ezingekho. Imali ihamba ngokukhawuleza kwezo shishino ezikhulayo. Uvuza umvuzo kwaye unikezela inzuzo yokukhula okuqhubekayo.
Iziqinisekiso zidala ukuguquka okungonakalisayo kumjikelezo wezoshishino . Njengoko kulula ukuyithenga, abatyali-mali ngabanye banokuzithenga ngokukhawuleza. Abaninzi benza izigqibo bengakhange baxelelwe ngokupheleleyo okanye bahlukeneyo. Xa amaxabiso esitokisi awela, alahlekelwa yindleko yabo yonke yokuphila. Oku kwenzeke ngoLwesine omnyama , okukhokelela ekudakaleni okukhulu kwe-1929 .
Iziphumo ezenzileyo zenza le nto ibe yingozi. Ekuqaleni, abatyali-mali babecinga ukuba iziphumo zemali zenze iimarike zezemali zingekho mngcipheko. Baye bavumela ukuba bahlalise imali yabo. Ukuba bathenge amasheya, bavele bathenga iindlela zokubakhusela ukuba amaxabiso esitokisi awa. Umzekelo, ama-CDO avumela iibhanki ukuba zenze iimali mboleko. Bafumana imali kubatyalomali abathengile i-CDO kwaye bafumana ingozi.
Ngelishwa, zonke ezi mveliso zenze ixabiso elikhulu. Eyadala ibhola yexabiso kwizindlu, kwikhadi lekhredithi kunye nakwetyala lezimoto. Yakha isidingo esininzi kunye nomxholo wobuxoki kunye nokuchuma. Ama-CDO avumela iibhanki ukuba zikhulule imilinganiselo yazo yokubolekisa, zikhuthaze ngakumbi ukungafihli.
Ezi zinto ezivela kwizinto eziyimvelaphi zinzima kakhulu kangangokuba abatyali-mali bathenga ngaphandle kokuziqonda. Xa iimali-mboleko zingekho, ukwethuka kwabakho. Amabhanki ayaqaphela ukuba awakwazi ukuqonda ukuba ixabiso leemveliso ezifunekayo. Oku kwenza ukuba kube nzima ukuthengisela kwiimarike zesekondari.
Ngobusuku, imarike kubo yaphela. Amabhanki enqabile ukuboleka omnye komnye kuba beyesaba ukufumana ii-CDO ezingenanto. Ngenxa yoko, i- Federal Reserve yayifumane ukuthenga ii-CDO ukugcina iimarike zezimali kwihlabathi. Iziphumo ezenziwayo zenze i- crisis global financial crisis ngo-2008 .