Indlela i-S & P Ratings ikukhusela ngayo
I-Standard kunye Nezihluphekileyo ngamagama eenkampani ezimbini zezimali ezidibeneyo ngo-1941.
Kuyamangalisa ukuba inkampani enokulinganisa ubutyebi inegama elithi "ihlwempu" kwisihloko sayo. Leli gama lavela kwelinye lababasunguli beenkampani, uHenry Varnum Ohluphekileyo. Ngowe-1860, wanyathelisa iMbali ye-Railroads kunye neenqanawa zase-United States . UMnu. Poor wayekhathazekile malunga nokungabikho kolwazi oluphezulu olufumanekayo kubatyalomali. Incwadi yakhe yaqalisa umkhankaso wokupapasha iinkcukacha zemisebenzi yenkampani. (Umthombo: "Ngoobani," S & P Global.)
Ukulinganisa okuMgangatho kunye nokuPhepha
I-S & P isilinganisi sekhredithi esichaza ukuthenga ngetyala ngokubanzi kwenkampani, isixeko okanye ilizwe elikhupha amatyala. Ixabiso leNkcazo kunye neNyathelo eliMbi lihle kangakanani ukuba ityala liya kubuyiselwa. Iingqinisiso zengcaciso kuphela. Ayizona iingcebiso zotyalo-mali kwaye azibikezeli ukuba kungenzeka ukuba zikhona. I-S & P iphinda ihlawule ubukhulu bemboleko. Nazi ezinye iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zeebhondi .
Ungasebenzisa izilinganiso ze-S & P kukukunceda ukuba unqume ukuba uthenge i-bond.
Kuya kukwazisa kwakhona indlela uqoqosho lwelizwe lwenziwa ngayo. Oku kunokukunceda kwezinye iimali-mali ezinjengeentengiso ze-forex okanye iintengiso zangaphandle.
Indlela i-S & P idala ngayo amanqaku. Abahlalutyi be- S & P benza izilinganiso . Bafumana ulwazi kwiingxelo ezishicilelweyo ezifana neengxelo zonyaka , ukushicilelwa kweendaba kunye namanqaku eendaba. Baphinde babuyathethane nolawulo lweenkampani abo balinganiselayo.
Abahlalutyi bavavanya imeko yemali yenkampani, ukusebenza komsebenzi kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo, bayakha uluvo malunga neendlela zokulawula ingozi yenkampani.
Ekuqaleni, i-Standard & Poor ithe idayise iingxelo zabo kubatyalomali. I-S & P yatshintsha loo mgaqo-nkqubo xa kutyunjwe imishini yokopi. Ngaba ukhathazekile kukuba abatyali-mali bazokukopisha iingxelo baze babasasaze kubahlobo babo. Endaweni yoko, yaqala ukuhlawula iinkampani ezazilinganisa.
I-Standard & Poor's ibangelwa phantsi kokugxeka loo tshintsho. Abagxeki bayathandabuza ukuba i-S & P ingavavanya ngokwaneleyo abathengi bayo.
Indlela i-Ratings Scale Works. Isreyithi ye-S & P ibhalwa kwibakala. Okulungileyo kukuba 'AAA'. Oko kuthetha ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba umntu obolekayo uya kubuyisela ityala layo. Okubi kakhulu kukuthi 'D,' oku kuthetha ukuba umniki-mali usele
I-Standard & Poor isebenzisa iileta ezininzi, kunye ne-pluses okanye i-minuses, ukubonisa amandla. Oko kudala ukulinganisa kwe-17 nangona kusetyenziswa kuphela iileta ezine. Iileta ezintathu zibhetele kunezinto ezimbini okanye enye. Iiplani zibhetele kunezitshixo. (Umthombo: Ukulinganisa okuMgangatho kunye nokuPhupha kweeNkcazo.)
Izilinganiso zeBond. Ibhondi efumana ibakala eliphezulu leencwadi linokuhlawula umyinge wezinga eliphantsi kunomnye webanga eliphantsi. Kungenxa yokuba akuyingozi.
Inika ingxelo encinane. Iinkampani, izixeko kunye namazwe zisebenza nzima ukugcina ibakala eliphezulu ukuze bafumane iimboleko kwaye bahlawule loo ntlawulo ephantsi.
Itheyibhile engezantsi ibonisa okuthe ngqo kwiibhondi zexesha elide. Ibanga leencwadi zeB BB + okanye ezantsi ziqikelela. Oko kuthetha ukuba inkampani kufuneka ihlawule ngakumbi inzala ekuthintela ingozi eyongeziweyo. Abanye abathengi bafana nale " zibophelelo ezingenanto " kuba zihlawula umdla.
Ukulinganisa ukulinganisa kwiBond yexesha elide
| YeBakala yeBakala | Bakala | Ukwazi ukubuyisela |
|---|---|---|
| AAA | Investment | Unamandla kakhulu |
| AA +, AA, AA- | Investment | Okomele kakhulu |
| A +, A, A- | Investment | U namandla |
| BBB +, BBB, BBB- | Investment | Neleyo |
| BB +, BB | Ezicacileyo | Ubona ukungaqiniseki okukhulu kwexesha elizayo |
| B | Ezicacileyo | Ubuso obungenakuqinisekiswa okukhulu |
| CCC | Ezicacileyo | Okwangoku usengozini |
| CC | Ezicacileyo | Okwangoku ikhuselekile kakhulu |
| C | Ezicacileyo | Ufakile isikhalazo sokubhenca |
| D | Ezicacileyo | Ngagqibekanga |
(Umthombo: "Ngokumalunga nokuThengiswa kweMboleko," i-Standard & Poor's.)
I-S & P iphinda inike izilinganiso kwixesha elifutshane letyala. Ilinomlinganiselo olwahlukileyo. I-S & P ikwabonelela ngeendlela zokulinganisa kwiinyanga ezintandathu ezizayo ukuya kwiminyaka emibini. Ezi zizinto ezintle , ezimbi , ezizinzileyo okanye ezizinzileyo .
Izilinganiso zelizwe. I-S & P ipapasha amanqaku kumazwe angama-130. Inkampani ihlalutya ukuba kwenzeka njani ukuba ilizwe liza kuhlawulela kwi-ityala layo. Isisekela oku kuhlalutyo lwezinto ezine. Ikhangele ukuba urhulumente welizwe uzinzile kwaye ulandela imigaqo-nkqubo yokugcina imali. Uqwalasela amandla oqoqosho lwelizwe kunye namathuba ayo okukhula. Kuqwalasela ukutsalwa kwezimali ngokuthe ngqo. Abahlalutyi banikeza uluvo malunga nokuba ibhanki ephakathi yelizwe lizimeleyo kurhulumente walo kwaye isebenzisa umgaqo-mali omhle. (Umthombo: "UMongameli wehlabathi," i-S & P ye-Global Ratings.)
I-S & P Inkalo yeeMvavanyo kwiCrisis Financial crisis ka-2008. Abagxeki basola i-S & P kunye nezinye i-arhente zokulinganisa kunyango lwezimali ka - 2008 . I-S & P iphawula ngokuqinisekisiwe okubambisene ne-mortgage-backed securities "IBakala loTyalo-mali" nangona bebanamathenda amaninzi ukusuka kwi-mortgage subprime. Abagxeki bathi i-S & P ibengafuni ukunika ibanga eliphantsi kubaxhasi balo. Ngaphezulu, yibona Yintoni eyenza iCrisis Crisis 2008?
Ngo-2011, i-S & P idilize ityala le-US ku-AAA ukuya ku-AA +. I-S & P yayikhathazekile ukuba iCongress kunye noMongameli uBabraham abazange bahlanganise ndawonye isicwangciso sokunciphisa ngokwaneleyo isikweletu. I-credit downgrade ithumele ukunyuka kweDow ngo-Agasti 2011.
Abaninzi abahlalutyi baqaphele ingqalelo. I-S & P incede kubangele ukuhlaziywa kwemali. Emva koko wajezisa urhulumente ngenxa yetyala elenziwe yile mali . Inkokhelo yase-US iphakame ama-40 ekhulwini ngokubonga kwimali-mali eyenza imali engenayo kunye nemali ephezulu.
S & P 500
I-Standard & Poor ipapasha kwakhona i- S & P 500 . Isalathisi samasheke esitokisi esilandela ama-500 aphezulu kakhulu kwiimpahla ezikhoyo kwiNew York Stock Exchange kunye ne- NASDAQ .
Injongo yalo kukumela yonke imarike yemasheya. Yenza oku ngokubonakalisa umngcipheko kunye nokubuya kwazo zonke iinkampani ezinkulu zeenkampani.