Kutheni Ungeke Ulungise Amatyala KaRhulumente Aphulukana Nendlela Eyona Uyenzayo
Ingxaki yeMatyala kaMakhaya
Inkathazo yamatyala emakhaya iyenzeka xa intsapho iqala ukuwa emva kweentlawulo zenyanga.
Kukho iintlobo ezintathu zetyala lekhaya:
- Imali-mboleko yasekhaya, kubandakanywa kunye ne-secondary mortgage, kunye nemigangatho yokulingana kwemali.
- Ityala lekhadi lekhredithi libizwa ngokuba yi-credit revolving.
- Ngokuzenzekelayo, ifenitshala kunye nemali-mboleko yomfundi, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-non-credit.
Iingxowa-mali eziguqukayo nezingezantsi zihlobo lweetyala zabathengi .
Naliphi na ukulahlekelwa ngokukhawuleza kwemali engenayo, okanye ukwanda kwindleko, kunokubangela ukuba inkohlakalo yendlu ityala. Isizathu esikhulu kukuba iindleko zonyango, ezibangela isiqingatha sazo zonke iibhonkco zaseUnited States. Isizathu esenza ukuba iCongress ifune ukuguqula unyango lwempilo . Ezinye izizathu ziquka ukungabikho kwemisebenzi esongeziweyo okanye ilahleko ezingenakunyuswa.
Inkathazo yetyala lekhaya ingasenyuka ngokukhawuleza. Esinye isizathu silawulwa kakubi kwetyala, njengokukhawuleza umdla kumakhadi-mboleko. Enye inguqu yezoqoqosho, njengokuba i- bubble ye- aseset ye- aseset yaqhuma ngo-2006. Abaninzi bezindlu babe neenzala-mboleko kuphela ngemilinganiselo ye-teaser ehlaziywa emva komnyaka wokuqala.
Babenqwenele ukuthengisa ikhaya labo ngaphambi koko, kodwa ngoku indlu yayingeneli ngaphantsi kwe-mortgage. Umzekelo wesithathu yiintsapho ezingena kwiintloko zazo ngeemali-mboleko zemfundo. Ixabiso lemfundo liyaqhubeka, kwaye abazali abafuni ukuxelela abantwana babo ukuba bahambe.
Umthetho woKhuselo we-Bankruptcy ka-2005 nawo wabangela iingxaki ezininzi zamatyala emakhaya.
Umthetho wenza kube nzima ukuba iintsapho zivakalise ukuhlawulwa kwebhanki kumatyala abo. Abanikazi bezindlu endaweni yoko basebenzise ubulungisa emakhaya abo ukuhlawula iibhili. Ngenxa yoko, ukungahlawulwanga kwemali kwenyuka kuma-14 ekhulwini ngo-2006, kwaye iintsapho ezingama-200 000 zalahlekelwa amakhaya abo.
Xa kukho ityala lekhaya, kukho iindlela ezintathu kuphela zokusombulula. Okokuqala, ukwandisa ingeniso ngomsebenzi wesibini, ukuphakanyiswa okanye ukukhuthazwa kumsebenzi ongcono, okanye ukuthengisa izinto ezifana nekhaya. Okwesibini, ukunciphisa iindleko. Oku kuquka ukutshintshela kwikariti yekhredithi ethwele inzala, usebenzisa imali kwiindawo zemali-mboleko, kwaye uhlawule ngokukodwa kwityala lakho. Okwesithathu, bhengeza i- bankruptcy kwaye uqale.
Iingxaki zeNkcitho yeMatyala
Inkathazo yebhanki yeshishini xa inkampani inenkathazo yokuhlawula iimali-mboleko zayo, ezaziwa njengezibophelelo. Ziye zityhutyiswa njengotyalo-mali olutshaba ngumbutho wenkxaso- mboleko njenge-Standard & Poor's .
Xa oko kwenzeka, kuba kubi kakhulu kwenkampani ukukhupha izibophelelo ezintsha. Ngaphandle kokuba inkampani inokubakhombisa ababolekisi ukuba yenze ukuba utshintsho lwenze ngcono, luya kungena ekuhlaleni apho ukulungiswa kwetyala kuthatha ukuhamba kwemali eya kungena ekuphuculweni kwoshishino okanye kwimisebenzi.
Ngamanye amaxesha inkampani kufuneka imemezele iSahluko 11 sokuphazamiseka ukunika inkululeko kubantu ababolekisi kunye nexesha elaneleyo lokuhlaziywa kwakhona nokuhlala kwishishini.
Kwakhona unokufumana enye inkampani ukuyithenga kwaye ithathele ityala layo. Ukuba ifayili yeSahluko 7, ithetha ukuba iphuma ngaphandle kweshishini. Abanini-mabhanki banethuba elihle lokuhlawulelwa kwizinto ezikhoyo.
Iingxaki zemicimbi yezoshishino zibangelwa ziinkalo ezininzi. Amashishini amaninzi amancinci aphelelwe ngetyala ngenxa yokuba babengenayo imali eyaneleyo yokujongana neendleko zokusebenza ngethuba lokuqala elingenanzuzo. Ukunyuka kwezoqoqosho kunokufaka amabhizinisi amaninzi angenakuncedo kwiingxaki zematyala. Ngamanye amaxesha inkampani inomzekelo weshishini ohluphekileyo okanye umkhiqizo ongenaso inzuzo ekhuphisanayo . Ekugqibeleni kodwa incinci, iinkokheli zenkampani zinokuthi zingabi nolwazi olufanelekileyo lolawulo lwezakhono.
Isisombululo kwiinkcenkceshelo zetyala lixhomekeke kwisizathu salo. Ngamanye amaxesha abathengi bafuna ukuphathwa ngokutsha ngaphambi kokuvuma ukuhlawula iintlawulo.
Ukuba kuthengiswa kwemali, inkampani inokufuna ukuhlaziya emuva, ukunciphisa iindleko kunye nokuphucula inkonzo yabathengi. Ngokuqhelekileyo unokuqesha umcebisi onokuguqula umntu onokwazi ukuchonga imifanekiso yamashishini angcono okanye iimveliso.
Ingxaki yeMatyala kaMongameli
Inkxalabo yamatyala enkundleni enzekayo xa ilizwe lingenakho ukuhlawula umdla kwi-ityala layo. Nje ngezoshishino, isizwe sifumanisa ukuba ababoleki abanomdla bafuna ukuhlawulwa kwemali eninzi kumatyala amatsha. Kukho iintlukwano ezintathu ezibalulekileyo phakathi kwetyala elizimeleyo kunye netyala lekhaya okanye ishishini elibeka umgaqo wale ngxaki:
- Ayikho inkundla yebhanki yomhlaba wonke ababolekisi abanokuya kumgwebo. Oku kwenza kube lula kumazwe ukuba angagqibekanga.
- Ityala leMongami alinakukhuselwa nantoni na. Ngaloo nto, kufana netyala lekhadi lesikweletu kunomboleko okanye umboleko wemoto.
- Uninzi amazwe angaphrinta imali yawo ukuze ahlawule ityala.
Yingakho ingxaki yeGrike yamaGrisi yanda kwi- Eurozone crisis . Ngo-2001, iGrisi yayitshintshile iidrakema zayo ze- euro . Kwakudingeka kuxhomekeke kwiYurophu Yomanyano ukunyathelisa i-euro ngaphezulu ukuhlawula ityala layo. Ukubuyisela, i-EU ifuna ukuba iGrisi iyanciphise iindleko zokuyeka ukuhlawula ityala elingaphezulu. Oku kwacotha uqoqosho lwayo, okwenza ukuhlawulwa kwetyala kunzima nakakhulu. IGrisi ingenele ekuhlaleni, kunye neepesenti ezingama-25 ezingenasempesheni, ukungabikho kwemisebenzi yezopolitiko kunye neenkqubo ezingabonakaliyo zebhanki. Ukuxhalaba ukuba i-EU ingahlawula ingxaki yamaGrike kungekudala yathintela zonke iibhondi zaseYurophu, ngakumbi iItali, iSpain kunye nePortugal. Kwiminyaka embalwa, i-EU ngokwayo ibuye yabuyela kwimpumelelo.
Ngenye indlela umahluko phakathi kweengxaki zesikweletu kunye nezinye iifom. Ukuba indlu okanye ixabiso lokushishina libiza, kuya kuba nemali eninzi yokuhlawula amatyala. Ekubeni iindleko zikaRhulumente ziyinxalenye yomkhiqizo osekhaya , xa iyancipha indleko iyanciphisa ukukhula koqoqosho. Kuya kuba ngathi indlu iyayeka ukuyitya ukuhlawula ityala layo. Kungekudala, bekuza kuphuma amandla okusebenza, okwenza ukuba inkokhelo yentlawulo ingabi nakwenzeka.
Iingxaki zeNtlawulo zeYurophu yayingavamile. Kwakubangelwa ngamazwe angeniso-mali aphantsi, njengeGrisi ne-Italy, ukufumana inzuzo yeetyala eziphantsi kweendleko ngenxa yokufakwa kwabo kwi-EU engenayo engenayo. Le nto yayingeyinkathazo ade abatyali-mali balahlekelwe ithemba lokuba urhulumente weGrike uyakwazi ukubuyisela.
Iingxaki zesikweletu seMongami zihlala zibangelwa xa amazwe ehlawula amatyala amaninzi ukuhlawula iimfazwe. Xa bashicilela imali eninzi ukuhlawula ityala, badala ingxaki eyingozi ngakumbi ye- hyperinflation .
Iingxaki zetyala leMongami nazo zingabangelwa ngumhlaba. Inkxalabo yezezimali ka-2008 yiyona nto eyona nto ibangela ukuba iSpeyin ibandezeleke. Nangona yayingumsebenzi onoxanduva, iibhanki zayo zazityala kakhulu kwiindawo zokuthengisa. Xa ibhola liqhuma, urhulumente uthatha iibhanki.
Ukwehla kwemali kwabangela ukuba ityala le-Iceland lihlupheke . Iibhanki zase-Iceland zatyalisa kakhulu ngaphesheya kwezilwandle. Xa urhulumente wavelisa iibhanki waza wanyathelisa imali ukuba ahlawule ityala, ixabiso lemali yalo lawa ngama-50 ekhulwini kwiveki enye kuphela.
Inkathazo yamatyala e-US yayizimeleyo. Ngokungafani neGrisi kunye namanye amazwe anamava enkathazo, inzala yemali kwiiNondyebo zase-US ayizange ikhule. Enyanisweni, babeneminyaka engama-200 ubudala . Esikhundleni salokho, ingxaki yamatyala e-US ibangelwa ukukhanyela kweCongress ukuphakamisa ityala lelizwe ngo-2011. Bacinga ukuba yindlela kuphela yokunyanzelisa ukuchitha imali kunye nokunciphisa ityala likazwelonke . Ukukhanyela kwabo kwantlukwano kwenza ukuba i- US ingabonakali kwityala layo . Ekugqibeleni baphakamise isilonda, kodwa emva kokufaka ukuchithwa kwemali okugunyazisiweyo, okubizwa ngokuba yi- sequestration . Inkomfa yayigwemekile ukuwa phantsi kwehla.