Oko Kufuneka Ukwazi Ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuqhawula
Ukuchithwa yinkqubo enikezwe phantsi komthetho wesigqeba ovumela abantu ngabanye, izibini ezitshatileyo, intsebenziswano, imibutho, oomasipala, kunye namanye amashishini ukuba ahlaziywe okanye aphelise imboleko yamatyala, ngaloo ndlela avumele ukuba baqalise ukuqala okanye ukuhluthwa ngokufanelekileyo.
Ootata bethu abasisiseko baqaphela imfuneko yemithetho eya kuvumela uhlobo oluthile lokuxolelwa okanye ukulungiswa kwetyala. Umgaqo-siseko, kwiSiqendu 1, iCandelo 8, Umhlathi 4, ugunyazisa umthetho we "Imithetho efanelweyo kwiSihloko seNgxowankulu kulo lonke elaseUnited States." Kwathatha ngowe-1800 ngaphambi kokuba iCongress ithathe isicwangciso sokutsalwa kwebhanki, kwaye imithetho yebhanki utshintshe kakhulu kwiminyaka.
Ngokomzekelo, umthetho wokuqala uvumeleke kuphela kubabolekisi ukuba bafake iimeko ezingabandakanyekanga kumrhwebi okanye umrhwebi, kwaye kwakufuneka ukuhlawulelwa ngokupheleleyo kwiimpahla zomthengisi. Ukususela ngoko, iCongress iye yandisa zombini iindidi ze-bankruptcy kunye neentlobo zabantu kunye namaziko angayifaka. Inkqubo yethu yanamhlanje kunye neenkundla ziye zaqhutywa ngokuqhubekayo ukususela ngo-1898, kunye nokugqithiswa okukhulu kwi-1978 no-2005.
Kwizithili zengingqi ezingama-94 zineenkundla zenkqantosi ezijongene neNkundla yesithili sase-US kule sithili. Ngokungafani nabagwebi beeNkundla zeziThili, abaphakanyiswa ngumongameli kunye nabanyulwe ukuba baphile, abagwebi abachithwayo bachongwa ngabagwebi abachanekileyo beesekethe apho inkundla yabo ikhona kwaye bakhonza iminyaka eyi-14.
ISebe lezoBulungisa libandakanyeka kwinkqubo yokubhankanya nge-ofisi yeTrasti yase - US . Ngokomgaqo-ntetho we-Trustee yase-US, iofisi ityala lijongene nokugcinwa "kwengqibelelo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle" kwinkqubo yokuchithwa.
Benza oko ngokulawula abaphathiswa ngabanye, abaqeshwe kwiimeko ezininzi zebhanki, kunye nokulawulwa ngqo kweefayile kwiimeko zeSahluko 11.
Iintlobo ze-Bankruptcy
Okwangoku, kukho iintlobo ezintandathu ezahlukileyo zebhanki. Ngamnye ulungiselelwe ukufezekisa injongo eyahlukileyo okanye ehambelana nolunye uhlobo lomboleki (umntu okanye iqumrhu elifakela ityala le-bankruptcy.) Ngamnye utyunjwe yisahluko se-US Bankruptcy Code esilawulayo.
Isahluko 7 : Olu hlobo luyaziwa nangokuthi lichithwe ngokuchanekileyo okanye ngokutsha. KwiSahluko 7 , umboleki onomntu okanye umtshato wesibini esitshatileyo, ufuna ukukhupha (ukuxolelwa) kwetyala ngokutshintshela ukunikezelwa kunye nokuchithwa kweempahla ezingabalulekanga ukuba umntu obolekayo athole isiqalo esitsha.
Kwimali-mboleko, akukho nkunkuma. Kunoko, iSahluko 7 sinikezela ngokuchithwa ngokuchanekileyo kwazo zonke iimpahla. Kukho nawuphi na umzekelo, le ntlawulo ihanjiswa kubanini bamabango asemthethweni. Inkqubo inokuthabatha nje ngeenyanga ezimbalwa.
Isahluko 9 : Isahluko 9 sigcinwe koomasipala. Oomasipala bangaquka amabala, izixeko, iidolophu kunye nemizana. Kodwa ingaquka izithili zesikolo, izibonelelo, ii-airports, kunye nezikarhulumente ezikarhafisa njengezithili zezibhedlele, oomasipala abavali ukuphuma kunye nokuphuma kwishishini njengomboleki kwiqumrhu kwiSahluko 7. Kunoko, umasipala uya kuhlaziya kwakhona ityala layo ngokuphinda axoxisane kunye mboleki.
Isahluko 11 : Isahluko 11 saziwa ngokuba yi-bankruptcy. Ibhizinisi elithile (kunye ngamanye amaxesha ngabanye) lingayifaka phantsi kweSahluko 11 kwaye isebenzise inkonzo yokukhusela inkundla yebhanki ngelixa liphinde litshintshe ngokwemimiselo yetyala layo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iSahluko 11 esinetyala siya kuqhubeka kwishishini ngeli xesha kwaye libizwa ngokuba ngumntu onetyala-in-possession.
Injongo yeSahluko 11 esinetyala kukuqulunqa icebo lokuhlelwa kwakhona kwetyala layo eliya kwamkeleka kuninzi lwababoleki. Isicwangciso, njengoko samkelwe ngababolekisi kwaye siqinisekisile (samkelwe) yinkundla, sithatha indawo nayiphi na isivumelwano esasikhatywayo nababolekisi. Umntu ofayile iSahluko 11 uya kuphakamisa icebo lokuhlelwa kwakhona kwaye unokucela ukuba inkundla inikezele ukukhutshwa kwamatyala. Kwezinye iimeko, umntu obolekayo uya kusebenzisa iSahluko 11 ukuze ahlawule impahla yakhe, efana neSahluko 7 ngaphandle kokuba umboleki kwiSahluko 11 ugcina ulawulo kwinkqubo yokucinywa.
Isahluko 12 : Isahluko 12 sizalwe ngemingeni yokulima okuncinci nokuloba kuma-1980. Yenzelwe kunye neenkcazo zeSahluko 11 kunye neSahluko 13 (jonga ngezantsi), kunye nemigqaliselo ephindaphindiweyo yokubuyiselwa kwemvume yokuvuma ukuba yiyo imveliso yokuvunwa kwexesha.
Isahluko 13 : Isahluko 13 sivumela umntu obolekileyo okanye isibini esitshatileyo ukuba siphakamise icebo lokuhlawula amatyala ahlawulwayo kwixesha eliyiminyaka emithathu ukuya kwemihlanu. Ezi matyala zingabandakanya izibophelelo ezingakhuselekanga ezifana namakhadi-mboleko okanye iimali zonyango.
Ingabandakanya nokuboleka kwemoto kunye nokudlulileyo ngenxa yokuhlawulwa kwemali. ISahluko 13 sesinye isigqibo esicwangcisiweyo kwiimeko zeSahluko 7 kubathengi abajongene nokuchithwa okanye ukuhlaziywa, okanye abanokubaluleka kwexesha elidlulileyo ngenxa yoxanduva lokuxhaswa kwezindlu. Ngokungafani neSahluko 7, esingenayo ilungiselelo lokuhlawula ixesha elidlulileyo ngenxa yecala elikhuselekile okanye eliphambili phantsi kwenkonzo yokukhusela inkundla ye-bankruptcy, iSahluko 13 sinikela ngendlela ehlelekile ukuba abantu banomvuzo oqhelekileyo wokuba bafumane iziphumo zokugqibela kunye nokukhupha amatyala angakhuselekanga.
Isahluko 15 : Xa iqumrhu lasemzini liqhuba isalathiso esilindele ngaphandle kwe-United States, kodwa lifuna okanye lifuna ukufikelela kwiinkantolo zokutshintshwa kweli lizwe ukulawula impahla phantsi kolawulo lwe-United States, liya kufaka iSahluko 15 sokuqhubeka. Iimeko zeSahluko ezingama-15 zisoloko zisetyenziselwa ukukhusela impahla e-United States ngokuhlaselwa ngababolekisi okanye ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaqela ase-United States abophelelwe izivumelwano ezenziwe kwimeko yecala lokungabikho.
Ukukhetha Uhlobo lweBhanki kwiFayile
Iintlobo ezimbini eziqhelekileyo zokutshintshwa kwebhanki e-United States namhlanje yiSahluko 7 se-bankruptcy ngqo kunye neSahluko 13 sokuhlawula imali.
Nangona iSahluko 11 sitholakalayo kumntu onetyala kunye nakwamashishini, kuyabiza ukulawula kwaye kulungele kuphela abantu abanamatyala amaninzi kunye nepropati eninzi ukukhusela. Uninzi lwabantu abanetyala kunye nezibini ziya kufaka iSahluko 7 okanye iSahluko 13.
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zokuqwalasela ekukhetheni uhlobo lwe-bankruptcy oluya kunceda umboleki ukuba afumane ukukhululeka. Akunjalo yonke inxalenye yebhanki-mali iyafumaneka kuwo wonke amatyala. Ngokomzekelo, amashishini akakwazi ukufaka ifowulda yeSahluko 13, kodwa umntu onetyala onomntu oyedwa unokufaka ifayile yeSahluko 13.
Enye into yokuba iinjongo zomboleki. Isicwangciso seSahluko 13 sokuhlawula singasebenza kakuhle kumntu onetyala ofuna ixesha lokuba athathe imali kwixesha elidlulileyo ngenxa yokuhlawulwa kwemali, irhafu okanye uxanduva lwekhaya. Kwezinye iimeko, iSahluko 13 singasetyenziselwa ukunyanzelisa imigaqo engcono kwimboleko yemoto.
Xa ukhetha phakathi kweSahluko 7 kunye neSahluko 13 kumntu onetyala, isigqibo sokwenza isigqibo sisoloko sibizwa ngokuba yi- Test Test , ibalo elifanisa imali engenayo umboleki kwiholo lomntu onetyala, ingqalelo kwiintlawulo zomboleki kwiimali ezikhuselekileyo ezifana ukuhlawulwa kwemali kunye neenqwelo zemoto kunye nezinye iindleko ezifanelekileyo neziyimfuneko. Imali eseleyo ibizwa ngokuba yimali engenayo. Ukuba imali ehlawulwayo engenayo iphezulu, kukho ukunyanzelwa ukuba umboleki usebenzise kakubi inkqubo yebhanki ngokufaka isahluko sesi-7 endaweni yeSahluko 13. Iimeko ezikhethekileyo ezingekho phantsi, le mboleki yayiza kufaka iimeko zeSahluko 13 kwaye isebenzise ingeniso ehlawulwayo ukuxhasa imali yesicwangciso seminyaka emithathu ukuya ku-5 yokuhlawula ubuncinane ityala elithe lahlawulwa.
Ezinye iingcamango zibalulekile ukuqonda indlela inkqubo yebhanki inceda ngayo abantu kunye namashishini ukuba athole uxolo okanye abuyele kwakhona amatyala. Ezi zibandakanya indima ye-trustee, ukuhlala ngokuzenzekelayo, ukuxolelwa kwepropati nokukhutshwa kwetyala.
ITrasti kunye ne-Bankruptcy Estate
Xa ityala le-bankruptcy lifakwe, elinye iqumrhu libizwa ngokuba yi-estate bankruptcy property. Zonke izakhiwo zetyala ziya kwifa. Inkundla ye-bankruptcy ikhetha i- trustee ukuba imele ifa.
Kwimeko yeSahluko 7, indima ephambili ye-trustee kukufumana kunye nokuhlawula impahla engabikho nto kunye nokusabalalisa imveliso kubathengi ababambe izibakala ezifanelekileyo kwaye zifake ngokufanelekileyo. Ukufeza le mishini, itrasti iyafuneka ukuba ifake icala kumntu onetyala okanye kumntu wesithathu ophethe impahla yomboleki. Iiprasti zihlala zibandakanyeka kumatyala ukuze zichonge inani okanye ukufaneleka kwebango lomboleki.
KwiSahluko 12 nakwiimeko zeSahluko 13, abanetyala bafuneka ukuba benze iintlawulo zenyanga kwi-trustee ixesha eliyiminyaka emithathu ukuya kwemihlanu. Umphathiswa uhambisa ezo ntlawulo kubabolekisi abafake izicelo zamabango asemthethweni kunye apheleleyo ngokucwangcisa icebo lokuhlawula elifunyenwe ngumboleki kwaye avunywe yinkundla. Inkokhelo yebhanki idinga ukuba umntu onetyala azinikele yonke ingeniso ehlawulwayo yomxhasi ekuxhaseni isicwangciso . Amatyala aphathwayo kwisicwangciso angaquka ukuhlawulwa kwemali kunye neentlawulo zemoto, ukuhlawulwa kwemali ehlawulwayo kwindlu okanye imoto, amanye amatyala afunyenweyo njengemali mboleko yefenitshala, iibhanti eziphambili njenge- alimony, inkxaso yenkxaso yabantwana kunye nentlawulo yengeniso yamuva, kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zetyala elingaqinisekanga njengamakhadi esikweleti kunye neendleko zonyango.
I-trustee ayidla ngokusetyenzwa kwimeko yoluhlu lweSahluko 11 okanye umasipala weSahluko 9 ngaphandle kokuba inkundla iqinisekile ukuba umboleki ufuna iimfuno kunye nesalathiso, ngokuqhelekileyo emva kwesikhalazo esenziwe ngumntu onomdla.
I-Automatic Stay
Inqaku elibonakalayo kwinkqubo yokuchithwa yinkcazo kukuba nganye imeko iqhutyelwa phantsi kokukhuselwa kwenkundla yebhanki. Isixhobo esinamandla kunazo zonke kwi-arsenal yenkundla kuthiwa ukuhlala ngokuzenzekelayo , umyalelo owenqabela ababolekisi ukuba bathathe inyathelo lokuqokelela amatyala. Ukuhlala ngokuzenzekelayo kunokuyeka ukukhutshwa, ukugcinwa kwezinto, ukulungiswa, izigwebo, iifowuni, iileta kunye namanye amanyathelo. Ukuhlala ngokuzenzekelayo kwenza ulungelelwano kunye nokulingana okuqhubekayo. Ngaphandle kwayo, ababolekisi abanamandla banokubamba umboleki ukuba ahlambuluke ukuze alulame ngokuncinci, abathathaka ababolekiyo kunzima.
Ukuhlala ngokuzenzekelayo akukona. Iyakwazi ukulibaziseka okanye ukuguqulwa, okanye ayiyi kutyunjwa nonke.
Ukuhlala ngokuzenzekelayo Akusebenzi kuyo yonke into eyenziwa ngumboleki. Ngokomzekelo, inkundla ezininzi zebhanki aziyi kufaka isicelo sokuhlala kwiinkqubo zomthetho zentsapho ezibandakanya umtshato okanye ukugcinwa kwabantwana, nangona inkundla yebhanki iya kuba neyokugqibela yokuthetha kuyo nayiphi na into equka ifa leendleko. Ukuhlala kungeke kuthintele ukutshutshiswa kwezobugebengu, kwaye akusebenzi kwiinkqubo ezithile zerhafu.
Kwiimeko ezininzi zebhanki, ukuhlala ngokuzenzekelayo kusebenza ngokukhawuleza xa ityala lifakwe enkundleni. Kodwa kwabanye, ukuhlala kungekhona ngokuzenzekelayo kuzo zonke, ngakumbi abo bafaka iimeko ngokuphindaphindiweyo, abo baye bafaka amatyala kubo (okubizwa ngokuba zikhalazo ezingenakuzikhethela), kunye neSahluko se-15 esibekwe ngamaziko angaphandle. Kwiimeko apho ukuhlala kungekho ngokuzenzekelayo, umntu onetyala unakho ukucela inkundla ukuba ayibeke.
Ukuhlala kungaguquleka okanye kuphakanyiswe ngokupheleleyo. Oku kwenzeka ngokuqhelekileyo xa ababoleki behluleka ukuhlawula abathengi abaqinisekileyo njengemali-mboleko yemoto kunye nemali mboleko mboleko. Inokuphinda iphakanyiswe ukuvumela inkundla ngaphandle kwenkundla yebhanki eyayilindelwe xa i-bankruptcy ifakwe, ukuba oko bekuya kusetyenziselwa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zomgwebo.
Ukukhutshwa kwePropati
Kubo bantu abanetyala, inkqubo ye-bankruptcy yenzelwe ukuvumela "ukuqala ngokutsha." Ukuqaphela ukuba abanetyala abanakushiywa bengenasiphelo kunye nabasweleyo, umntu obolekisiweyo avunyelwe ukukhupha iintlobo ezithile zepropathi ukususela kwinkundla. Ikhowudi ye-bankruptcy ineluhlu lokukhululwa , kodwa kwezinye iimeko, abanetyala bangasebenzisa ukuxolelwa okuchazwe yindawo abahlala kuyo. Uninzi lwamaziko anesicwangciso soxolelo esiya kuthintela umgwebo wabathengi ukuba bangabhekisi izinto ezixabisekileyo ukuze banelise amabango. Inkomfa yanika ngamnye umntu ithuba lokuthatha isigqibo sokuba ngaba abahlali balo kufuneka basebenzise ukukhululwa kombuso, ukukhululwa komthetho okanye ukukhetha phakathi kwababini.
Iintlobo zepropati ezingenakho ukuxolelwa kunye nezindleko eziphezulu kwipropati ekhutshweyo ziyahlukahluka kuxhomekeka kukuphi isicwangciso sokuxolelwa esisetyenziswayo. Ngokomzekelo, abanetyala abasebenzisa ukuxolelwa kweTexas bangakwazi ukukhupha ipropati yabo kwixabiso elingama-$ 50,000 kumntu omdala ongenawo umntu osapho. Isakhiwo somntu siqu siquka impahla yasekhaya, ifenitshala, iimpahla, iincwadi, ubucwebe, izibhamu, izixhobo zemidlalo, izilwanyana kunye nezinye izinto. EKentucky, umntu obolekayo unokukhulula "iimpahla, iingubo, iimpahla zokuhlobisa kunye neempahla" ukuya kuma-3,000 ayi-3,000, kunye ne "wildcard" ye-$ 1,000 engasetyenziswa kuyo nayiphina impahla.
Ngokwahlukileyo, ukukhululwa komthetho, obolekisi baseTexas okanye eKentucky abangakhetha ukuyisebenzisa, baquka ukukhululwa kweedola ezili-12,625 kwimpahla yasendlini, iimpahla, iincwadi, njl.
Izikimu zoxolelo zelizwe kunye neyezemfundo ziquka ezinye iindidi zepropati ngexabiso elinganayo, kubandakanywa nemali, ibhalansi yebhanki ye-bhanki, ipropati yangempela, umvuzo, ixabiso lemali-inshurensi, izixhobo zorhwebo, izibonelelo zonyango, njl.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yeyiphi iprogram yokuxolelwa ityala likhetha okanye liyadingeka ukuba lisetyenziswe, ukuba umntu onetyala unempahla engenakuxolelwa okanye enokubaluleka ngaphezu kwexabiso elivumelekileyo umrhunywa angafuneka ukuba aguqule loo propati kwi-trustee egqitywe yinkundla okanye i-akhawunti yexabiso lepropati ngokubala inani lemali yeSahluko 13 seentlawulo.
Ukukhutshwa kwamatyala
Xa umntu onetyala enemali ehlawulwe kwi-matyala, sitsho ukuba umsebenzi wokubolekisa ityala likhutshwe . Kwiimeko ezininzi zebhanki, injongo yomboleki kukukhupha ityala elikhulu kunokwenzeka.
Kodwa, akukho zonke iitalato ezikhutshwayo . Amanye amatyala awanakhululwa ngaphandle kweemeko ezingaqhelekanga kunye neemeko. Ezi ziquka:
- Iirhafu zerhafu ezithengiswa ngethuba leminyaka emithathu elandelwayo
- Ukuxhaswa kunye nokuxhasa abantwana
- Iifayili zomthetho, izigwebo kunye nokubuyisela
- Iimbambiso ezivela ekufeni okanye ukulimala okubangelwa ngumboleki xa beqhuba ukuxilisa
- Iimali ezithathwa ngumntu ongenakutyala ukuchazela kwinkundla yebhanki
- Mboleko ya bafundi
Amanye amatyala akhululwa ngaphandle kokuba umbolekisi enxusa inkundla ukuba ivakalise ukuba ayifuni. Eminye imizekelo:
- Imirhumo yezinto zokunethezeka kunye neenkonzo ezenziwe ngaphambi kokuba kufakwe i-bankruptcy
- Iimali ezivela kumkhwabanisi-mboleko, ukukhwabanisa, ukulahla, okanye ukuphulwa komsebenzi wecala, okanye umphumo wezenzo zamatyala nezenzo ezimbi.
Ukuzikhusela
Eli nqaku alihlose ukukhonza nayiphi na indlela njengeengcebiso zomthetho. Kungenxa yolwazi kunye neenjongo kuphela zemfundo. Iimeko zizodwa. Ukuba ufumana uxinzelelo lwezezimali kwaye ucinga ngokucima i-bankruptcy, tyelela ummeli oqeshwe ngumthengi, oza kuhlalutya imeko yakho kunye neenjongo zakho kwaye uya kukucebisa ngokufanelekileyo. Unako ukufumana amagama amagosa afanelekileyo evela kumbutho wakho wendawo yebar okanye kwimibutho efana noMbutho kaZwelonke weeNkundla zeBhanki.