Isahluko 9 senzelwe ngokukhethekileyo "oomasipala." Kodwa kubanzi ngokubanzi kunemizi kunye needolophu.
Iinqununu, izithili zokurhafisa njengeziphathamandla zokurhoxisa esibhedlele, izibonelelo zamasipala kunye nezithili zesikolo zingasebenzisa iSahluko 9 ukulungisa kwakhona amatyala. Isahluko 9 singasetyenziselwa ukwandisa ixesha lokuhlawula, ukuvumela ukuhlaziywa kwetyala okanye ukunciphisa inqununu okanye inzala kwiimali ezikhoyo. Ngokungafani nento eyenzekayo kwiSahluko se-7 ngokuchanekileyo , i-asethi kamasipala ayinakunyulwa phantsi kweSahluko 9.
Ngubani Ongayifaka?
Oomasipala kuphela abanokufaka ifayile yeSahluko 9. Ikhowudi ye-Bankruptcy ichaza umasipala ngokuthi "ulwahlulo lwezopolitiko okanye i-arhente karhulumente okanye ulawulo lwe-State." Le ngcaciso ebanzi, kwaye njengoko ichazwe ngasentla, ingaquka iinkalo ezahlukeneyo karhulumente.
Oomasipala kufuneka bahlangabezane nezinye iimfuno ezine ezifakela kwiSahluko 9: 1) kufuneka zivunywe ngokuthe ngqo ukuba zifake iSahluko 9 phantsi komthetho welizwe, 2) kufuneka i- insolvent , 3) kufuneka ibe nomnqweno wokulungiswa kwamatyala, kwaye 4) kufuneka kufumane isivumelwano sesininzi seentlobo ezithile zabathengi (okanye ukuba akukho mvumelwano, ubungqina bokuba ukuzama ukuxoxisana kwenzelwe okanye kungenakwenzeka ukufumana isivumelwano).
Imizekelo yeSahluko 9
Ukususela ngo-1937 ukuya ku-2013 oomasipala baye bafaka ama-650 kuphela. Ngokuqhelekileyo amacandelo angama-9 eSahluko 9 afakwa ngonyaka.
Amanye amatyala amva apha:
- Vallejo, eCalifornia ngo-2010
- Jefferson County, Alabama ngo-2011
- I-Stockton, eCalifornia ngo-2012
- IMammoth Lakes, eCalifornia ngo-2012
- I-San Bernadino County, California ngo-2012
- Central Falls, Rhode Island ngo-2011, kwaye
- Detroit, eMichigan ngo-2013.
Ngaphambi kokuFundela
Ngaphambi kokufakela isikhalazo se-bankruptcy, ezinye iindawo zifuna ukuba oomasipala bathathe inxaxheba kwimisebenzi engaphambi kwebhanki, njengokuzama ukuxoxisana nababolekisi . Emva kokuba ezo mfuno zidibene, umasipala unokufakela iSahluko 9. Umasipala kufuneka alungiselele kwaye afake yonke iphepha eliyimfuneko yokubhalwa kwebhanki kunye nomabhalana wenkundla yebhanki . Ukuba umasipala uyahluleka ukuzalisekisa iimfuno ezibekwa nguRhulumente apho zifumaneka khona, kubeka umngcipheko wokukhusela isikhalazo kwisihlomelo sawo Isahluko 9.
Kwezinye iimeko, inkundla inokugqiba isigqibo sokuba ukufakwa kweSahluko 9 kungafanelekanga. Oku kuya kwenzeka xa umniki-mboleko efuna ukuba umasipala akahambanga iinkqubo ezibekwe kumthetho welizwe, inkundla ithetha ukuba umasipala wayengenasigxina, okanye xa inkundla inquma ukuba ezinye iinketho ezifanelekileyo zifumaneka kumasipala.
IJaji leBhanki
Ngokungafani namanye amatyala, apho ijaji elincincileyo likhethwa ngandlela-thile ngumbhalana, kwiSahluko 9, umgwebi oyintloko weNkundla yeziBheno apho inkundla yebhanki ikhona khona kufuneka ukhethe ijaji ukuba lijongene nelo cala.
Kungenxa yokuba iimeko zeSahluko 9 zinokuyinkimbinkimbi kwaye zingabandakanya izinto zezopolitiko.
Kuhlala ngokuzenzekelayo
Ukuhlala ngokuzenzekelayo kuya kusebenza ukumisa nayiphi na inyathelo ukuqokelela kwiimali kumasipala. Ngaphantsi kweemeko ezithile, ukuhlala kukukhusela namagosa / amagosa kamasipala.
Amandla eNkundla
Ngokuqhelekileyo inkundla yebhanki inegunya elinamandla phezu kweSahluko 11 somntu onetyala enqwenela ukulungiswa kwakhona. Nangona kunjalo, i-Code Bankruptcy ibeka imida kuloo mandla ngokumalunga neemeko zeSahluko 9 kuba oomasipala bangabantu abodwa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umthetho uthi inkundla ayikwazi ukuphazamisana namagunya karhulumente enetyala okanye ingeniso okanye impahla. Kwakhona, inkundla ayikwazi ukuguqula ityala ukuya kwesinye isahluko okanye ukumisela itrasti kwimeko yeSahluko 9.
ISahluko 9
Ngokufanayo necala leSahluko 11, iSahluko 9 esinetyala kufuneka ifake isicwangciso.
Esi sicwangciso sichaza indlela umasipala uya kulungisa ngayo amatyala akhe ngaphakathi kwemida yokungabikho. Ngokufanayo neSahluko 11, isicwangciso kufuneka siqinisekiswe yinkantolo yebhanki.
Ukukhutshwa
Umasipala ufumana ukuchithwa kwebhanki kwinqanaba emva kokucwangciswa kwesi sicwangciso kwaye umboleki ubeka imali okanye ipropathi enkundleni efunekayo kwisicwangciso.
Isiphelo
Isahluko 9 sokutshatyalaliswa ngokuqhelekileyo sinokuthi sibe sesinye seziqendu ezinqabileyo kwaye ezinqabileyo. Abancinci abancinci kakhulu abachaphazelekayo bayabandakanyeka kwiimeko zeSahluko 9. Akunjalo kuphela ezi ziimeko ezinzima ngenxa yobungakanani bazo kunye namaqela abandakanyekayo, kodwa umthetho uthatha isahluko 9 kwimeko ehlukileyo. Loo mahluko kwonyango ngumphumo wamandla angagunyazisiweyo karhulumente we-federal ukulawula kunye / okanye ukunika inkxaso-mali yebhanki kwiiyunithi zikaRhulumente zelizwe.
UMLAWULI WOMTHETHO
Eli nqaku lenzelwe iinjongo zolwazi kuphela kwaye kungekhona ngenjongo yokubonelela ngeengcebiso zomthetho. Kufanele uqhagamshelane nommeli wakho ukuba ufumane iingcebiso malunga nantoni na okanye ingxaki ethile. Ukusetyenziswa kunye nokufikelela kweli nqaku akuyi kudala ubudlelwane bommeli-client phakathi kombhali wale nqaku kunye nomsebenzisi okanye isiphequluli .
Ukuhlaziywa nguCarron Nicks Ngo-Ephreli 2017.