Ukuchithwa e-United States uye waba nembali ende kunye neyehlukeneyo. Ekuqaleni, abaqulunqo bomGaqo-siseko bafuna ukumisela imimiselo ye-bankruptcy emva komthetho wesiNgesi kule ndaba.
Nangona kunjalo, ukususela ngeli xesha, umthetho uthathe iinguqu ezininzi kwaye zijika.
I-Framers ngokwenene inikezele ngemithetho ye-bankruptcy kwimigaqo-siseko yase-US ngokwayo. Eli lungiselelo lingafumaneka kwiCandelo le-1, icandelo 8, elinika iCongress amandla ukuba "... kusekwe ... Imithetho efana neyomxholo weNgcaciso kwi-United States." Nangona kunjalo, iCongress ayizange isebenze ngokukhawuleza kuloo magunya. Kwakuyiminyaka engaphezu kwelishumi emva kokuba uMgaqo-siseko uqinisekiswe phambi kokuba iNkomfa ithathe umcimbi wokubhankwa kwebhanki.
Okwangoku, amaqela amaninzi aye azinzisa iinkqubo ezininzi zokungabikho kwi-bankruptcy ngokungabikho kwesikhokelo sofanelwe kwilizwe lonke. Enyanisweni, ezininzi zale nkqubo ziyimali-mboleko kwaye zinikezelwa ukuvalelwa kwabatyala! Kwaye kwafika ngowe-1833 phantsi komthetho wesigqeba kunye nakwiizwe ezithile 1849 phambi kweentolongo zamatyala zachithwa ngokusemthethweni.
Umthetho wokuQala ukuBhujiswa kweSithili
Ngowe-1800, iCongress yadlulisela umthetho wokuqala wesigqeba ochaphazelekayo ekuthiwa yi-bankruptcy, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Bankruptcy Act ye-1800.
Efana neenkqubo ezininzi zokungabikho kombuso ngelo xesha, uMthetho we-Bankruptcy we-1800 wawungumntu obolekisiweyo kwaye uvumelekile kuphela ukuphazamiseka kokungabikho komntu onetyala. Kwakungekho namalungiselelo abantu abathile ukuba bafake iifayile ngokwabo. Abanye abantu abanetyala baqikelela ukuba banokucela umboleki onobuhlobo ukuba aqalise ityala le-bankruptcy.
Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yezikhalazo ezininzi zorhwaphilizo kunye nokuthanda, umthetho wawususwa emva kweminyaka emithathu kamva. Amazwe aqhubeka nokuqhuba iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokungcebeleka ngokungabikho komthetho wesigqeba.
Umthetho olandelayo we-Federal Federal Bankruptcy
Emva kwenkathazo yemali ka-1837, iCongress yadlulisela omnye umthetho we-bankruptcy, othiwa yi-Bankruptcy Act ka-1841. Ngesihlandlo sokuqala, lo myalelo we-bankruptcy wavumela ababolekisi ukuba bafake iibhanki zabo ngokuzithandela ngaphandle kokuba umbolekisi aqalise. Oku kwakuyi-revolution kumthetho wokungabikho komthetho. Enyanisweni, umntu obolekayo unokufakela ukuba afake i-bankruptcy kwaye afumane ukukhutshwa kwetyala. Ukongezelela, nabani na umntu unokuba netyala, kungekhona nje ngomrhweba nje ngomthetho we-1800. Amandla okunika ukukhutshwa nokugweba ezinye izinto eziphathelele ukutshatyalaliswa zihlala kunye neNkundla zeeNkundla zaseMerika.
Ngelishwa, ke ke, ababolekisi bajonge umthetho we-1841 njengokuba banikezela iintlawulo ezimbalwa kubaboleki kunye nokukhupha amatyala amaninzi kubaninzi abanamatyala. Ngaloo ndlela, umthetho we-1841 wanyuswa ngo-1843.
Ixesha Lesithathu?
Emva komnye ukwethuka kwezezimali kunye ne-US Civil War, iCongress yagqiba ukuzama kwakhona iphinda idlulise uMthetho we-Bankruptcy ka-1867. Umthetho we-1867 wawucacisiwe kwaye wawujongene neemeko ezahlukeneyo.
Lo mthetho wawungowokuqala ukuvumela ukuphazamiseka komntu ngamnye, kungekhona nje abathengisi. IiNkundla zeziThili zase-United States zafuneka ukuba zikhethe "irejistri kwi-bankruptcy" ekwenzeni imisebenzi ephathelene nokuphazamiseka. Iirejistri zazikho abagwebi bokuqala bebhanki .
Ngelishwa, lo mthetho uphinde wahluleka ngo-1888 phantsi kwezigxeko ezifanayo eziza kutsho imithetho yangaphambili ye-bankruptcy. .
1898
Kwakungekho unyaka we-1898 ukuba iCongress yexesha lokuqala idlulisela umthetho we-bankruptcy owaba, ngokusisigxina, unaphakade. Ngomhlathi we-Bankruptcy Act ka-1898, nangona ulungiso kunye nokutshintshwa kwamaxesha amaninzi, akuzange kubekho amanye amaxesha okuphonswa kunye / okanye amaxesha xa urhulumente wesigqeba akanalo mithetho ye-bankruptcy esebenzayo.
Ukuguqulwa kuka-1978
Emva kweenguqu eziningana zomthetho we-1898, iCongress yadlulisela uMthetho woBuququzeleli we-Bankruptcy of 1978.
Lo mthetho wenza inguqu epheleleyo kunye neyatshintshayo kwinkqubo yokuchithwa. Lo mthetho usuqalise into eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Code of Bankruptcy". Lo mthetho wenza iinguqu ezahlukeneyo, kuquka ukunyusa ngokukhawuleza ububanzi bamandla abagwebi bebhanki.
UMthetho Wokuguqulwa Kwemali Ye-Bankrupt ka-1978 waguqulwa kwakhona kunye nokuhamba kwe-Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention Act no-2005, i-BAPCPA yaba ngumphumo weminyaka yokufunda ngendlela engcono yokuguqula inkqubo ye-bankruptcy, yazisa uMvavanyo woMgaqo wokuchonga ukuba ngubani na umntu onetyala. ukufaneleka iSahluko 7 kwaye kufuneka ufake ifowuni yeSahluko 13 ukufumana nayiphi na incedo. I-BAPCPA yazisa kwakhona ukunika iingcebiso ngeentengo zemboleko kunye neenjongo zemfundo zematyala ezigunyazisiweyo.
Kuye ukuqhubela phambili kwemfazwe phakathi kweminqweno eyahlukeneyo, ngokukodwa kwabo baboleki kunye nabatyala. Nangona kukho ezinye iinguqulelo ezininzi ngaphambi kokuba zilandele umthetho ka-2005, ezi zinto zibalulekileyo kwiimbali ze-bankruptcy e-United States.
Ukuhlaziywa nguCarron Nicks Ngo-Ephreli 2018.