Iindlela ezintathu ze-IMF ikhusela i-Global Economy
Ulwakhiwo lwe-IMF
Inkosana ye-IMF ibilokhu iLawula uMlawuli uChristine Lagarde ukususela ngoJuni 28, 2011. UnguSihlalo weBhodi eliLawulayo ilungu le-24. Wammisela kwikota yesibini evuselelekayo yonyaka wee-5 ngo-Febhuwari 2016, ngo-Julayi 5, ngo-2016 ngo-Julayi. UMlawuli oyiNtloko nguye oyintloko yabaqeshwa abangama-2,700 abavela kumazwe angama-147. Ulawula iiSekela eziLawulayo abaSebenzi abane.
Ukwakhiwa kolawulo lwe-IMF luqala ngeBhodi yoLawulo ye-IMF ebeka umgaqo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo. Amalungu ayo ngabaphathiswa bezezimali okanye iinkokeli zebhanki eziphambili zamazwe alungu. Bahlangana ngamnye ngonyaka ngokubambisana neBhanki yehlabathi . IKomidi yeZimali zeMali neyeMali idibana kabini ngonyaka. Ezi ikomiti ziphonononga inkqubo yelizwe jikelele kwaye zenze iingcebiso.
Iinjongo
Iingqungquthela zeeMeko zeSizwe I-IMF inamandla okungaqhelekanga ukujonga nokuhlaziywa koqoqosho lwawo onke amazwe alo malungu.
Ngenxa yoko, unomnwe kwi-pulse yoqoqosho lwamazwe angcono kunanoma yimuphi umbutho.
I-IMF ivelisa ubutyebi beengxelo zeengxelo. Ibonelela nge-Outlook Economic Outlook, ingxelo ye-Global Financial Stability Report, kunye ne-Monitoring Fiscal ngonyaka. Ikwahlula kwakhona kwiimvavanyo zengingqi kunye nelizwe.
Isebenzisa olu lwazi ukuchonga ukuba yeyiphi amazwe kufuneka aphucule imigaqo-nkqubo. Ngenxa yoko, i-IMF inokuchonga ukuba yeyiphi amazwe esongela ukuzinza kwehlabathi. Amazwe alungu sele avumile ukuphulaphula iziphakamiso ze-IMF kuba zifuna ukuphucula uqoqosho lwazo kwaye zisuse ezo nkalo.
Iilwimi zamaLungu eziLulekayo: Ukususela ngoxinzelelo lwe-peso lwama-Mexican ka-1994-95 kunye ne- Asia Inkathazo ka-1997-98, i-IMF ithathe indima ebalulekileyo ekuncedeni amazwe ukukhusela iintlungu zemali. Yakha imigangatho amalungu ayo ayilandelayo.
Ngokomzekelo, amalungu avuma ukubonelela ngeendawo ezifanelekileyo zokutshintshiselana kwamanye amazwe ngamaxesha amahle. Okubancedisa ukwandisa imali ukuze kuphuculwe ubutyebi babo ngexesha lokususwa . Iimpapasho ze-IMF kumalungu amazwe ukugcina le mi gangatho. Ikwazisa neengxelo zelizwe elithethwa ngabatyalo-mali ukuba benze izigqibo ezinolwazi. Oku kuphucula ukusebenza kweemarike zemali . I-IMF iphinde ikhuthaze ukukhula okuqhubekayo kunye nemilinganiselo yokuphila ephakamileyo, yindlela efanelekileyo yokunciphisa ubungozi bamalungu kwiinkathazo.
Ukubonelela ngoncedo lwezobuchwepheshe kunye neNgxowa-mboleko yexesha elifutshane: IMF inikezela ngemali-mboleko ekuncedeni amalungu ayo ukuba alungise ukulingana kweengxaki zeintlawulo, ukuzinzisa ubutyebi babo, nokubuyisela ukukhula okuzinzileyo.
Ngenxa yokuba iNgxowa iboleka imali, ihlala idibaniswe neBhanki yehlabathi . I-Bhanki yehlabathi yenza imali kwilizwe eliphuhlisayo kwiiprojekthi ezithile eziza kulwa nobuhlwempu. Ngokungafani neBhanki yehlabathi kunye namanye arhente zophuhliso, i-IMF ayixhasi iiprojekthi.
Ngokwesiko, abaninzi abanomboleki be-IMF belizwe elikhulayo . Babenako ukufikelela okuncinci kwiimarike ezinkulu zehlabathi jikelele ngenxa yobunzima babo boqoqosho. Iimpawu zemboleko ze-IMF ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho yelizwe ihamba ngendlela efanelekileyo. Oko kuqinisekisa abatyalo-mali kwaye kusebenza njengento yokukhangela imali evela kwezinye iindawo.
Yonke into eyashintsha ngo-2010 xa i- eurozone Inkathazo yabangela ukuba i-IMF inikeze ngemali-mboleko emfutshane ukuba ibhade eGrisi . Oku kwakukho kumqulu we-IMF kuba uthintela ingxaki yezoqoqosho kwihlabathi.
Amalungu
Kunokuba lubhale wonke amalungu angama-189, kulula ukuluhlula amazwe angengamalungu.
Amazwe asixhenxe (ngaphandle kwamazwe angama-196) angengamalungu e-IMF yi-Cuba, i-East Timor, iNorth Korea, i-Liechtenstein, i-Monaco, iTaiwan, neSixeko saseVatican. I-IMF inamalungu angama-11 awayiwo amazwe: i-Anguilla, iAruba, iBarbados, iCabo Verde, iCuracao, iHong Kong, i-Macao, i-Montserrat, i-Antilles yase-Netherlands, iSaint Maarten kunye neTimor-Leste.
Amalungu awafumana amavoti alinganayo. Esikhundleni saloo nto, banamavoti okuvota esekelwe kwisabelo. Isabelo sisekelwe kubukhulu babo boqoqosho. Ukuba bahlawula i-quota yabo, bafumana okulinganayo kwizabelo zokuvota. I-Quotas yeLungu kunye neZabelo zokuVota zahlaziywa ngo-2010.
Indima
Indima ye-IMF iye yanda ukususela ekuqaleni kweengxaki zemali zehlabathi ka- 2008 . Enyanisweni, ingxelo ye-IMF yokuqwalasela ixwayisa malunga neengxaki zezoqoqosho kodwa yayinganyanzelwanga. Ngenxa yoko, i-IMF ibizelwe ngokubanzi nangaphezulu ukubonelela ngoqoqosho lwehlabathi. Kusemgangathweni olungcono ukwenza oko kuba kufuna amalungu ukuba axhomekeke kwimigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho kwi-IMF. Amazwe aseLungu ayazibophezela ekuphishekeleni imigaqo-nkqubo eyenzayo ukuzinza kwexabiso elifanelekileyo, kwaye bayavuma ukugweba ukunyusa amaxabiso okutshintshiselwa ngenzuzo yokukhuphisana .
Imbali
Ngo-2011, i-IMF yachithwa yi-scandal yobulili ebandakanya uMlawuli wayo oyiNtloko, u-Dominique Strauss-Kahn. Amapolisa ambopha ngamacala athe wawahlaselwa ngesondo ngehorazana. Nangona izityholo zagqitywa emva koko, wasula.
Amalungu amaninzi athengisa ngamashishini axela ukuba ixesha lokuba uMlawuli avela kwelinye lamazwe abo. Oku kubonisa ukukhula kwezoqoqosho kwezoqoqosho kumazwe. Bathi banqwenela abaviwa abaninzi ababalaseleyo kuquka uNgqongqoshe wezeMali waseTongor uTharman Shanmugaratnam, owayengumphathiswa wezoqoqosho waseTurkey uKemal Dervis, kunye no - Montek Singh Ahluwalia waseNdiya, owayengumlawuli we-IMF. Kunoko, iFransi yatshintsha i-Strauss-Kahn kunye noLagarde, uNgqongqoshe wezeMali ohlonishwayo.
I-IMF yadalwa ngowe- 1944 inkomfa yaseBretton Woods . Kwafuna ukuvuselela iYurophu emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Le Nkomfa iphinde isetyenziswe imilinganiselo yegolide eguqulwayo yokunceda amazwe agcine ixabiso leemali zabo. Abacwangcisi babefuna ukuphepha izithintelo zorhwebo kunye neenzala eziphezulu eziye zabangela ukuba kubakho ukuCaluleka okukhulu .