Kutheni i-Dollar ixhaswa yiGolide
Igama lakhe lihlala kwigama elithi "ocebile njengeCroesus."
Ngaloo mihla, ixabiso lentengo yayisekelwe kuphela kwixabiso lentsimbi ngaphakathi. Ngenxa yoko, ilizwe elinelona golide liphezulu kunobuncwane. Yingakho iSpain, iPortugal, neNgilani yathumela uColumbus nabanye abahlolisayo kwihlabathi elitsha. Bayafuna enye igolide ukuze babe nobutyebi ngaphezu komnye nomnye.
Intshayelelo yeGold Standard
Xa igolide itholakala kwi-Ranch's Ranch ngo-1848, yaphefumlela i-Gold Rush eCalifornia. Oku kwakunceda unxibelelwano lwaseNtshona-ntshona. Ngowe-1861, uNobhala Wezezimali uSalmon Chase waprintela imali yokuqala yephepha lase-US.
Enyanisweni, nge-1800s, amazwe amaninzi afuna ukulinganisa ukuthengiselana kwiimarike zorhwebo zehlabathi. Bamkela umgangatho wegolide . Iqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uza kukhulula nayiphi na imali yemaphepha yexabiso kwixabiso legolide. Oko kwakuthetha ukuba ukuthengiselana kwakungasadingeki kwenziwe ngegolide eninzi ye-bullion okanye zeemali.
Kwakwandisiwe nokwethemba okufunekayo kworhwebo lomhlaba wonke. Imali yePhepha ngoku iqinisekise ukuba ixabiso liboshwe kwinto ethile yangempela. Ngelishwa, ixabiso legolide kunye nexabiso lezemali liye lahla rhoqo xa abavukuzi befumene idiphozi ezintsha zegolide.
Ngomnyaka we-1913, iCongress yadala i- Federal Reserve ukuzinzisa ixabiso legolide nexabiso lemali .
Ngaphambi kokuvuka nokusebenza, iMfazwe Yehlabathi I yaqala. Amazwe aseYurophu ayimisa umgangatho wegolide ukwenzela ukuba banokushicilela imali eyaneleyo yokuhlawula umkhosi wabo wemikhosi. Ngelishwa, ukushicilela imali kwakha i- hyperinflation . Emva kwemfazwe, amazwe aqonda ukubaluleka kokubopha imali yabo kwixabiso eliqinisekileyo kwigolide. Ngenxa yeso sizathu, amaninzi amazwe abuyele kumgangatho wegolide oguquliwe. (Umthombo: "I-Gold Standard," History.com.)
Indlela iNgcaciso yeGolide eyenziwe ngayo Ukunyanzeliswa Okukhulu kakhulu
Emva kokuba i- Great Depress ishayisa ngamandla, amazwe aphinde afune ukushiya umgangatho wegolide. Xa imarike yemasheya yaphahlazeka ngo-1929 , abatyali-mali baqalisa ukurhweba ngeemali kunye neempahla . Njengoko ixabiso legolide laphakama, abantu batshintshana needola zabo ngegolide. Kwabuhlungu xa amabhanki aqala ukuhluleka. Abantu baqala ukugaya igolide kuba babengathembeli nayiphina iziko lemali.
I- Federal Reserve yaqhubeka iphakamisa inzala . Kwakuzama ukwenza iidola ezixabisekileyo kwaye zikhuphe abantu ukuba bangaphinde bachithe izikhuselo zegolide zase-US. La mazinga aphakamileyo awonakalise ukuxhomekeka kwexabiso ngokukwenza indleko yokwenza ibhizinisi libiza kakhulu. Iinkampani ezininzi zaye zaphazamiseka, zenza amanqaku okungasebenzi .
Ngo-Matshi 31933, uMongameli u-Roosevelt osanda kukhethwa wavala iibhanki. Wayephendulela ekuqhubeni kwiindawo zegolide kwi-Federal Reserve Bank yaseNew York. Ngethuba iibhanki zavulwa ngokutsha ngo-Matshi 13, zaziphendulele yonke igolide yazo kwi-Federal Reserve. Akwazanga ukukhupha iidola zegolide. Ngaphezu koko, akukho mntu unokuthumela igolide.
Ngomhla ka-Ephreli 5, i-FDR yalela amaMerika ukuba aguqule igolide yabo ngokutshintshela iidola. Wenza oku ukwenzela ukukhusela igolide, kunye nokuhlengwa kwegolide ngamanye amazwe. Oku kwakha iindawo zokugcina zegolide e-Fort Knox. IUnited States ngokukhawuleza yabamba ukunikezelwa kwegolide kunkulu. (Umthombo: " Ukunyuka nokuwa kweGold Standard kwiUnited States , iCato Institute, ngoJuni 20, 2013.)
NgoJanuwari 30, ngo-1934, uMthetho weGold Reserve wawuvimbela ubunini bebunikazi bodwa ngaphandle kwelayisenisi.
Yavumele urhulumente ukuba akhokhe amatyala akhe kwiidola, kungekhona igolide. Yagunyazisile i-FDR ukuba idle idoli yegolide ngama-40 ekhulwini. Wenza oku ngokunyusa ixabiso legolide, elaliyi-$ 20.67 ngeeyunithi ezili-100, ukuya kuma-35 engama-ounce. Iigumbi zegolide zikaRhulumente zenyuka kwixabiso ukusuka kwi-$ 4.033 yezigidi ukuya kwii-7.348 zeebhiliyoni. Oku kwenzeni ixabiso le dollar ngamaphesenti angama-60. (Imithombo: "Indlela uFranklin Roosevelt Ogqitywe Ngamfihlo Ngomgangatho Wegolide," iBloomberg, Matshi 21, 2013. "Umgaqo wegolide kwi-1930," FEE.org.)
Ukuxinezeleka kwaphela ngo-1939. Oku kwavumela amazwe ukuba abuyele kwizinga legolide eguquliwe.
Isivumelwano se- Bretton Woods sika-1944 sabeka ixabiso lokutshintshiselwa kuzo zonke iindleko ngokwegolide. Inyanzelekile amazwe amalungu ukuba aguqulwe amabamba aseburhulumenteni angaphandle kwamanye amazwe ngegolide kwiixabiso . Igolide yayibekwe kwi-$ 35 ngeeyunce. Ngaphezulu, khangela iMbali Yexabiso leGolide .
I-United States inamagosa amaninzi egolide. Ngenxa yoko, amaninzi amazwe agxininisa ukubaluleka kwemali yabo kwidoli kunokuba igolide. Iibhanki eziMbindi zigcina ixabiso lokutshintshiselwa ngokukodwa phakathi kwee currenti kunye nedola. Benza oku ngokuthenga imali yelizwe labo kwiimarike zerhwebo lwangaphandle ukuba imali yabo yaba yinto ephantsi kakhulu kwidola. Ukuba yayiba phezulu kakhulu, yayingashicilela enye yemali yayo kwaye iyithengise. Ngaphezulu malunga nendlela oku kusebenza ngayo, jonga i- Peg kwiDola .
Ngenxa yoko, amaninzi amazwe ayengasadingeki ukutshintshisa imali yabo ngegolide. Idola yayifake esikhundleni sayo. Ngenxa yoko, ixabiso le dollar landa nangona ixabiso legolide lihlala lifana. Oku kwenza idoli yase-United States imali yehlabathi . (Umthombo: "Imbali yeGolide," iNational Mining Association.)
Ukuphela kweGold Standard
Ngowe-1960, i-US yayibanjwe i-$ 19.4 yezigidigidi kwiivenkile zegolide, kuquka ne-1.6 billion yezigidi kwi- International Monetary Fund . Kwakwanele ukumboza i-$ 18.7 yezigidigidi kwiedola langaphandle.
Kodwa njengoko uqoqosho lwaseMelika lwaluphumelela, amaMelika athenge iimpahla ezingenise ngaphakathi, ukuhlawula ngeedola. Le ntsalela enkulu yemali yeentlawulo ixhalale uorhulumente bamazwe angaphandle ukuba iUnited States ayiyi kuphinda iphinde ibuyise i dollar ngegolide.
Kwakhona, iSoviet Union yaba ngumvelisi omkhulu weoli. Kwakuqokelelwa kweedola zase-US kwiindawo zokuhlala zangaphandle kuba ioli ixabiso lentlawulo kwiidola. Beyesaba ukuba iUnited States yayiza kubamba ii-akhawunti zayo zebhanki njengeqhinga kwiMfazwe yeCold. Ngoko ke, i-USSR ifake i-dollar yayo kwiibhanki zaseYurophu. Ezi zaziwa ngokuba yi-eurodollars.
Ngowe-1970, iUnited States kuphela yabamba i-$ 14.5 yezigidi zegolide kwi-dollar yangaphandle yama-dollar angama-45.7 billion. Ngexesha elifanayo, imigaqo-nkqubo kaMongameli uNixon yenze i- stagflation . Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okuphindwe kabini kukunciphisa ixabiso le-eurodollar. Iibhanki ezininzi kwaye zaqala ukuhlawulela ukugcinwa kwazo kwigolide. I-United States ayikwazi ukuhlangabezana nale mbopheleleko ekhulayo. (Umthombo: "Ukuguqulwa kweMakethe ye-Forex," i-OANDA.)
Umgangatho wegolide ugqitywe ngomhla ka-Agasti 15, 1971. Yilapho i-Nixon yatshintsha idololi / ubudlelwane begolide kwi $ 38 ngeeyunce. Akazange avumele iFed ukuba ikhuphe iidola ngegolide. Oko kwenza igolide ingenakuthetha. Urhulumente waseUnited States uhlawulele igolide kwi $ 42 ngeeyunithi ngowe-1973, waza wachaza ixabiso le dollar ukusuka kwigolide ngokupheleleyo ngo-1976. Ixabiso legolide likhawuleza lidubule ukuya ku-$ 120 ngeeyunithi kwiimarike zamahhala . (Imithombo: Craig K. Elwell, " Imbali emfutshane yeGold Standard eUnited States ," iNkonzo yoPhando lweCongress, ngoJuni 3, 2011. "Ingxabano Ngokwexabiso leDolari," Ixesha, Oktobha 4, 1971.)
Emva kokuba umgangatho wegolide wehlile, amazwe aqala ukushicilela ngaphezulu kwemali yawo. Impembelelo isoloko ibangelwa, kodwa inxalenye enkulu yokushiya umgangatho wegolide wakha ukukhula koqoqosho .
Kodwa igolide ayizange ilahlekelwe isikhalazo sayo njengexabiso lexabiso langempela. Nanini na ukunyuka kwemali okanye ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, abatyalomali babuyela kwigolide njengendawo ephephile. Ifikelele kwirekodi yayo ephezulu ye $ 1,895 i-ounce ngoSeptemba 5, 2011.