Iimpembelelo zoKuDakazeka okukhulu

by Kimberly Amadeo

Indlela Ekunokukuchaphazela Namhlanje

Ukudakumba okukhulu kwe-1929 kwonakalise uqoqosho lwase-United States. Ingxenye yazo zonke iibhanki zahluleka. Ukungabikho kwemisebenzi kwenyuka kuma-25 ekhulwini kunye nokungabikho kwabangenamakhaya kwanda. Ixabiso lezindlu liye lalinganiselwa kuma-30 ekhulwini, urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe lwawa ngamaphesenti angama-60, kwaye amaxabiso awela ama-10 ekhulwini. Kwathatha iminyaka engama-25 kwi-market market.

Kodwa kwakukho iziphumo ezinenzuzo. Iiprogram ezintsha zeeNkqubo zifake izikhuselo ukuze zenzeke kangako ukuba ukuCalulelwa kunokukwenzeka kwakhona .

01 U qoqosho

Uqoqosho ludinga iipesenti ezingama-50 kwiminyaka emihlanu yokuqala yokudandatheka . Ngomnyaka we-1929, ukuveliswa kwezoqoqosho kwaba yi-$ 105 yezigidigidi, njengoko kulinganiswa nemveliso engaphantsi kwemveliso . Leyo ilingana ne-1.057 yezigidigidi zama-trillion namhlanje.

Uqoqosho lwaqala ukuhlahla ngo-Agasti. Ekupheleni konyaka, iibhanki ezingama-650 zahluleka. Ngowe-1930, uqoqosho ludla enye i-8.5 ekhulwini. I-GDP yawa amanye ama-6.5 ekhulwini ngo-1931 kunye neepesenti eziyi-12.0 ngo-1932. Ngowe-1933, ilizwe liye lahlulwa iminyaka emihlanu yokwehla kwezoqoqosho. Yenza kuphela i-$ 57 billion, isiqingatha oko kuveliswa ngo-1929. Amanani awa ngama-10 ekhulwini ngonyaka.

Ukuchithwa kweMali entsha kukhulisa ukukhula kweGDP kwe- 10,8 ekhulwini ngo-1934. Yakhula enye i-8.9 ekhulwini ngo-1935, i-12.9 ekhulwini ngo-1936, kunye nama-5.1 ekhulwini ngo-1937.

Ngelishwa, urhulumente wanciphisa ukuchitha kweNew Deal ngo-1938, kwaye ukuxinezeleka kwabuya. Uqoqosho ludinga u-3.3 ekhulwini. Kodwa ukulungiselela iMfazwe Yehlabathi II yathumela ukukhula kwama-8 ekhulwini ngo-1939 kunye ne-8.8 ekhulwini ngo-1940. Ngomnyaka olandelayo, iJapan ibhobhoze iPearl Harbor, kunye ne-United States yangena kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II.

I-New Deal kunye nokuchitha kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II yatshintsha uqoqosho kwiimarike ezihlambulukileyo kwizoqoqosho . Kwakuxhomekeka kakhulu kwiinkcitho zikaRhulumente kwimpumelelo yayo. Umgca wexesha loLwaphulo Olukhulu lubonisa ukuba le nto yayiyimfuneko, nangona kuyimfuneko, inkqubo.

02 zezopolitiko

Uxinzelelo lwezopolitiko luchaphazeleke kwezopolitiko ngokuzithemba kakubi kwi- capitalist engapheliyo. Yiloo nto uHerbert Hoover awakhuthazayo, kwaye yahluleka kakubi.

Ngenxa yoko, abantu bavotela uFranklin Roosevelt . Wathembisa ukuba imali yokurhweba karhulumente iya kugqiba ukuxhomekeka. I-Deal Deal isebenze. Ngowe-1934, uqoqosho lwakhula ngama-10,8 ekhulwini ngowe-1934 kwaye ukungabikho kwemisebenzi kwaqala ukuhla.

Kodwa i-FDR yaba nexhala malunga nokongeza kwi-$ 5 trillion ye-US. Wanciphisa iindleko zorhulumente ngo-1938, kwaye iCapression Depression yaqala kwakhona. Akukho mntu ufuna ukuyenza loo mpazamo kwakhona. Abezombusazwe bathembele endaweni yokuchitha imali , ukuchithwa kweerhafu kunye nezinye iifom zepolisi yokunyusa . Le nto idalwe ngetyala eliphakamileyo le-US.

Ukuxinezeleka kwaphela ngowe-1939 njengoko iindleko zorhulumente zaxhamla kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Oku kukhokelwa kwiingcamango eziphosakeleyo zokusetyenziswa kwezempi kukuhle kwezoqoqosho. Kodwa ayikwibala njengenye yeendlela ezine zezona zonyani ezizeleyo zokudala imisebenzi

03 zeNtlalo

I- Dust Bowl isomiso esonakalisa ukulima eMidwest. Kwaphela iminyaka eyi-10, kuninzi kakhulu ukuba abalimi abaninzi babambe. Ukwenza izinto zibe zibi nakakhulu, ixabiso leemveliso zezolimo liye lahla kwizinga eliphantsi kakhulu ukususela kwimfazwe yombutho. Njengoko abalimi bashiya ekukhangekeni komsebenzi, bahlala bengenamakhaya. Iidolophu eziyi-6,000 eziqingqiweyo, ezibizwa ngokuba yiHoovervilles, zavela kuma-1930.

Iintlawulo zalabo abasemsebenzini bawa ngama-42 ekhulwini. Umyinge wemali engenayo yentsapho yehla i-40% ukusuka kwi-$ 2,300 ngo-1929 ukuya kwi-1,500 i-$ 1,500 ngo-1933. Oku kufana nokufumana imali engenayo ukusuka kwi-$ 32,181 ukuya kwi-$ 20,988 kuma-dollar ayi-2016. Ngenxa yoko, inani labantwana abathunyelwe kwiinkedama zeenkedama landa ngamaphesenti ama-50. Abantwana abangaphezu kwama-250 000 abasemakhaya baye bafumana umsebenzi.

Ngomnyaka we-1933, isithintelo sachithwa. Oko kwavumela urhulumente ukuba athathe iirhafu ekuthengiseni utywala ngokusemthethweni. I-FDR isebenzise imali ukunceda ukuhlawula i-Deal Deal.

Ukuxinezeleka kwakunzima kwaye kwahlala ixesha elide kangangokuba abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba kukuphela kwe-American Dream . Kunoko, yatshintsha loo phupha ukuba ifake ilungelo lokufumana izinto eziphathekayo. I- American Dream njengoko ibonwe nguBawo Osekelweyo yaqinisekisa ilungelo lokuzijonga ngombono wolu lonwabo.

04 Ukungasebenzi

Ekuqaleni koxinzelelo olukhulu , kunyaka wokugqibela we- Roaring Twentyties , ukungabikho kwemisebenzi kwabangama-3.2 ekhulwini. Oku kungaphantsi kwenqanaba lomntu lokungasebenzi . Ngowe-1930, kwaphindwa kabini kwi-8.7 ekhulwini. Kwaye kwenyuka kuma-15,9 ekhulwini ngo-1931 kunye nama-23.6 ekhulwini ngo-1932. Ngo-1933, ukungaqeshwa kwabangama-24.9 ekhulwini. Phantse abantu abayizigidi ezili-15 babengekho emsebenzini. Le yintlupheko engaphangeliyo ngexesha loxinzelelo kwaye ukususela ngoko.

Iinkqubo ezintsha zokunceda zanciphisa ukungabikho kwemisebenzi ukuya kuma-21,7 ekhulwini ngo-1934, i-20.1 ekhulwini ngo-1935, i-16.9 ekhulwini ngo-1936 kunye ne-14.3 ekhulwini ngo-1937. Kodwa imali engaphantsi kwemali kaRhulumente ngo-1938 yathumela ukungabikho kwemisebenzi emva kwe-19.0 ekhulwini. Yahlala ngaphezu kweepesenti ezili-10 ukuya ku-1941, ngokutsho kokuhlaziywa kwezinga lokungabikho kwemisebenzi ngonyaka .

05 Ibhanki

Ngexesha loxinzelelo, isiqingatha seebhanki zelizwe asiphumelelanga. Kwiinyanga ezili-10 zokuqala zonyaka we-1930 wedwa, i-744 yahluleka. Kwakuyi-1% yeepesenti ngaphezu kwezinga lonyaka ngonyaka we-1920. Ngowe-1933, iibhanki ezingama-4 000 zahluleka. Ngenxa yoko, ama-depositors alahlekelwe i-$ 140 billion.

Abantu baqhiphuke ukufumanisa ukuba iibhanki zazisetyenziselwa ukutshala imali kwi-market. Baphuthuma ukuba bathathe imali yabo ebhankini. Ezi bhanki "zihamba" zinyanzeliswe ukuba zibe neebhanki ezilungileyo ngaphandle kweshishini. Ngethamsanqa, loo nto ayisoloko isenzeka. I-Depositors ikhuselwe yi- Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation . I-FDR yenze loo nkqubo ngexesha leNguqulelo entsha.

06 I- Stock Market

Imarike yemasheya yalahlekelwa ipesenti ezingama-90 zexabiso layo phakathi ko-1929 no-1932. Akuzange ibuyele iminyaka engama-25. Kungenxa yokuba abantu balahlekelwa yiyo yonke into kwiimarike zaseWall Street . Amashishini, iibhanki kunye nabarhwebi ngabanye basuswe. Kwaye nabantu abangazange batyala imali balahlekelwe yimali. Iibhanki zabo zatyala imali kwimali yokugcina imali.

07 Urhwebo

Njengoko ezoqoqosho zamazwe zibi kakhulu, zakha izithintelo zorhwebo ukukhusela amashishini asekuhlaleni. Ngo-1930, iCongress yadlulisela iintlawulo ze-Smoot-Hawley , enethemba lokukhusela imisebenzi yase-US.

Amanye amazwe abuyiselwa. Eyadala ii-blocks zokurhweba ngokusekelwe kwimibutho yesizwe kunye neerhwebo zemali. Ihlabathi lezorhwebo liye lalinganiselwa kuma-65 ekhulwini njengoko lilinganiselwa kwiidola kunye neepesenti ezingama-25 kwinani elipheleleyo leeyunithi. Ngowe-1939, kwakusengaphantsi kwezinga layo ngo-1929. Nanku ukuhweba kwehlabathi kwiminyaka emihlanu yokuqala yoxinzelelo.

1929: i $ 5.3 billion
1930: i $ 4.9 billion
Ngo-1931: ii-3.3 zamawaka ezigidi
1932: i-2.1 2.1 yezigidigidi
1933: iR8 1.8 billion

08 Ukuhlengahlengiswa

Amanani awa ngama-30 ekhulwini phakathi ko-1930 no-1932. Kulimaza abalimi, amashishini kunye nabanini. Iintlawulo zabo zokubambisa i-mortgage zazingazange ziwile ezingama-30. Ngenxa yoko, abaninzi banakho. Balahlekelwa yinto yonke baze baba ngabafuduki befuna umsebenzi apho bakufumana khona.

Nantsi ixabiso lokuguquka ngexesha lokudandatheka kweminyaka.

1929 0.6%
1930 -6.4%
1931 -9.3%
1932 -10.3%
1933 0.8%
1934 1.5%
1935 3.0%
1936 1.4%
1937 2.9%
1938 -2.8%
1939 0.0%
1940 0.7%
1941 9.9%

09 Impumelelo yexesha elide

Impumelelo yeNtshukumo Entsha kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemikhosi yasemkhosini kwakha ulindelo phakathi kwabantu baseMerika ukuba urhulumente uya kubasindisa kuyo nayiphi na ingxaki ebalulekileyo yemali okanye yezoqoqosho. Ngexesha loKuDakazeka okukhulu, abantu baxhomekeke kubo kunye kunye nabanye ukuba baqhube. I-New Deal ibonise ukuba banokuthembela kwirhulumente wephondo.

I-FDR yatshintshile umgangatho wegolide ukukhusela ixabiso lentela. Okokubeka umzekelo kaRichard Nixon ukuwuphelisa ngokupheleleyo ngo-1973.

IiNkqubo ezintsha zoLuntu zenkqubo zakhiwe ezininzi zamanqaku omhlaba namhlanje. Izakhiwo zeIconic kuquka isakhiwo se-Chrysler, iRockefeller Centre kunye neDealey Plaza e-Dallas. Iibhanji ziquka i-Golden Gate Bridge yaseSan Francisco, iBridge yaseTrandough yaseNew York kunye ne-Florida Keys 'Overseas Highway.

I-Airport ye-La Guardia, iTunnel yaseTincoln kunye neDavern yaseHoover yakhiwe ngexesha loxinzelelo. Kwakhona, iidolophu ezintathu zakhiwa: iGrendale, iWisconsin; IGreenhills, eOhio naseGreenbelt, eMaldin.