Indlela iDrr Beat Beat
Namhlanje unayo i-FDR ukubonga ngokuKhuseleko loLuntu, iMali yomvuzo osisisiseko wase - US , imithetho yomsebenzi wabantwana kunye ne-inshorensi kwiibhanki zakho zebhanki.
Ukuxinezeleka Okukhulu
I-FDR iphumelele ukhetho ngokuthembisa ukuthatha onke amanyathelo afanelekileyo ekupheliseni uxinzelelo. Wazisa i- keynesian economical theory, eyayitsho ukuba imali yombuso iya kukhulisa ukukhula koqoqosho.
Ukuxinezeleka kwase kuqalile iminyaka emine ngaphambili kunye ne- stock market ye-1929 . Njengoko izitokisi zilahlekelwe ixabiso, abatyali-mali batshintshela kwigolide. Njengoko ixabiso legolide laphakama, abantu bahlawulela iidola zabo. Kwaye kwavunyelwa ngelo xesha kuba i-United States yayisezingeni eliphezulu legolide.
Kungekudala, iibhanki zaqala ukungaphumeleli, zinyanzelisa bonke abantu ukuba balondoloze isinyithi esibalulekileyo. Ukuxinezeleka kunzima xa i-Federal Reserve iphakanyisile amaxabiso omdla ukukhusela ixabiso leli dola.
UMongameli uHoover akazange angenelele, ekholelwa ukuba uqoqosho luya kuziphilisa. Kunoko, yanda. Ngethuba lonyaka wephulo likaMongameli, uqoqosho ludinga ngaphezu kweepesenti ezili-10. Isantya sokungabikho kwemisebenzi senyuke malunga nama-25 ekhulwini.
Lezo zazingezinye zeempembelelo zeNtlupheko Enkulu .
KwiNgxoxo yakhe yokuvula, i-FDR yaxhasana nabantu baseMerika ukuba baxhase iindleko ezinkulu zikaRhulumente .
Eli hlanga lukhulu luya kuqhubeka njengoko lukhuthazele, luya kuvuselela kwaye luya kuphumelela. Ngoko ke, okokuqala, ndivumele ukuba ndiqiniseke ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba yinto esimele siyike yinto yokwesaba - ingabi namagama, ingqiqo, ukungabikho kokusongela okungenakulungeleleneyo okuphelisa umzamo wokuguqula ukufuduka kwangaphambili. Kulo lonke ixesha elimnyama lobomi bethu bobuzwe ubunkokheli bokunganyaniseki kunye namandla kuhlangene nokuqonda kunye nenkxaso yabantu ababalulekileyo ekuphumeleleni. Ndiqinisekile ukuba uya kuphinda unike inkxaso kule nkokheli kule mihla ebalulekileyo.
Into yokuqala eyenziwa yi-FDR yayisondele kwiibhanki ukuyeka abaxeli basemzini ukuba bachithe idilesi zegolide zaseMelika. Kwiintsuku ezilishumi kamva, iibhanki zavulwa emva kokufaka zonke igolide kunye ne-Federal Reserve. (Umthombo: " Ukunyuka nokuwa kweGold Standard kwi-US " iCato Institute, ngoJuni 20, 2013.)
Emva koko, umongameli omtsha wayala bonke abemi ukuba baphendule nayiphi na imali yegolide kwibhanki elisondeleyo ngokutshintshwa kweedola. Ngomnyaka we-1934, i-FDR ithathe i-United States ngaphandle komgangatho wegolide ngokupheleleyo. Idola ngokukhawuleza yawa ngama-60 ekhulwini. Oko kwavumela urhulumente ukuba ashicilele imali eninzi njengoko kwakudinga ukukhulisa ukukhula koqoqosho, kuba iidola zazingasayi kuhlanganiswa negolide. Ngaphezulu, yibona iMbali yeGold Standard .
Ukwenziwa Okutsha
I-FDR isayine i-New Deal ibe ngumthetho kwiintsuku zokuqala eziyi-100. Kwakungeniso elingenelelo likarhulumente. Yakha ama-arhente amatsha angama-42, kubandakanywa noKhuseleko loLuntu, iKhomishana yoThuseleko kunye noTshintshiso , kunye ne- Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation . Injongo yabo yayikudala imisebenzi, ukugcina utyalo-mali kunye nokuvumela unionization.
Ingaba iSenzo esitsha sahluleka ukuyeka ukuCaluleka? Kubonakala kunjalo, ekubeni ithathe iMfazwe Yehlabathi II ukufumana ingqesho engaphantsi kwama-15 ekhulwini. Kodwa i-FDR isinqumle ukunikezelwa kwezimali ezintsha kwi-1937 ukulinganisela uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali.
Kwakukhawuleza. Kwakungekho ukuzithemba okwaneleyo ekubuyiseni kwezoqoqosho ngoko. Uxinzelelo lubuyele ngokuphindiselela kunyaka olandelayo. Ukufumana okungaphezulu, ixesha elide lokuCaluleka okukhulu .
WWII
I-FDR yazi ukuba i-United States ekugqibeleni yayiza kufuneka ingene kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ngo-1939, uHitler wangena ePoland. I-FDR iqinisekise iCongress ukuvumela i-United States ukuba ithumele iingalo zempi eFransi naseBritani. Ngomnyaka we-1940, uHitler wanqoba iFransi waza waqalisa ibhobholo yaseLondon. ICongress yabuyiselwa umkhosi wezempi. I-FDR yandise uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali . Ukuhlawulela, wenyusa izinga lentlawulo engeniso kwipesenti ezingama-81. (Umthombo: "Imfazwe Yehlabathi II," iYunivesithi yaseGeorge Washington.)
Ngomhla kaDisemba 7, 1941, iJapan yahlasela iSiseko soMkhosi waseMelika ePearl Harbor. Ukusetyenziswa kwemikhosi yemikhosi kwanexesha eliphindwe kabili kwi-$ 23 billion. Ngowe-1943, ityala liphindwe kabini ukuya kuma-64bhiliyoni ayi-$.
Iingcali ezininzi zibhekisela kwiingenelo zoqoqosho kwimali yempi. Bathi ziphelile ukuCaluleka. Kodwa ukuxinezeleka kwaphela ngowe-1937 ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kweNew Deal. Ukuba i-FDR isetyenzisile okuninzi kwi-Deal Deal, ukunyanzeliswa kwakuya kugqiba kungekudala kunokuba kwenzeke. Nangaliphi na ixesha urhulumente uya kuhlawula ityala, kuya kunceda uqoqosho. Akufuneki ukuba yimali yokusebenzisa imali.
Ukufa kwe-FDR
Uxinzelelo lweWWII lwalugqoka uRoosevelt ngaphandle. Ngomnyaka we-1944, oogqirha bakhe bafumana intliziyo kunye nesifo se-circulatory kwaye bambeka ngokutya okunzulu. Kwakusondele kakhulu. I-FDR yahlaselwa yintlanzi enkulu kwiholide eWarm Springs, eGeorgia ngo-Aprili 12, 1945. UMongameli wokuqala uEleanor Roosevelt wayenikela intetho eWashington DC Oogqirha balinda de emva kokuba intetho iyimxelela ngokufa kwakhe. Walungiselela umngcwabo, kuquka isitima esicothayo ukuba sithwale ibhokisi lakhe kwi-Warm Springs ukuya eWashington. Wangcwatywa kwiRose Garden yepropati yakhe eHyde Park, eNew York. (Umthombo: "Lo Mhla kwiMbali," History.com. "UFranklin D. Roosevelt," WhiteHouse.gov.)
Iminyaka yokuqala ye-FDR
I-FDR yazalwa ngowe-1882 e-Hyde Park, eNew York, ibe yintsapho ecebileyo. Wafumana i-BA esuka eHarvard ngo-1903 waza wafunda umthetho wase-Columbia. Ngomnyaka we-1905, watshata no-Eleanor Roosevelt, umsa wakhe wesithixo uMongameli uTheodore Roosevelt. Wadlula ibha ngo-1907 waza wenza umgaqo weminyaka emithathu ngaphambi kokuba abe senator yelizwe laseNew York.
UMongameli uWilson wammisela uMncedisi woMbutho weNavy (1913-1920) kunye nomtyunjwa weDemokhrasi kwi-Vice-President ngo-1920. Ithikiti yakhe elahlekelwa yiRepublican Warren Harding.
Ngehlobo elilandelayo, wathola i-polio. Ukukhubazeka kwamphoqa ukuba asebenzise i-braces kunye nesihlalo sabakhubazekile ebomini bakhe bonke. Uncedise ukufumanisa uMatshi weDimes, ofumene unyango lwe-polio.
Wamiselwa ukuba abe nguGavana waseNew York ngo-1928. Emva kokumiswa kwakhe ngo-1930, waqala umkhankaso wakhe woMongameli ngo-1932. (Umthombo: i-FDR Library.)
FDR Timeline
| Unyaka | Ukukhula kweGDP | Izinga lokungasebenzi (Disemba) | Amatyala (kwiibhiliyoni) | Kweneke ntoni |
| 1933 | -1.3% | 24.9% | $ 23 | Ukwenziwa Okutsha |
| 1934 | 10.8% | 21.7% | $ 27 | Matyala avuka |
| 1935 | 8.9% | 20.1% | $ 29 | I-2 Deal Deal |
| 1936 | 12.9% | 16.9% | $ 34 | Iirhafu eziphakanyisiweyo |
| 1937 | 5.1% | 14.3% | $ 36 | Kwikota yesi-2. Ukuxinezeleka kubuya |
| 1938 | -3.3% | 19% | $ 37 | Ukuxinezeleka kwaphela |
| 1939 | 8.0% | 17.2% | $ 40 | Imbalela iphelile |
| 1940 | 8.8% | 14.6% | $ 43 | Isilathisi se-US |
| 1941 | 17.7% | 9.9% | $ 49 | Yesithathu kwikota. ipheli yehabha |
| 1942 | 18.9% | 4.7% | $ 72 | |
| 1943 | 17.0% | 1.9% | $ 137 | Iimbambano zihlasela iItali |
| 1944 | 8.0% | 1.2% | $ 201 | Bretton-Woods |
| 1945 | -1.0% | 1.9% | $ 259 | Kwekota 4. WWII iphelile |
Izixhobo zoLuhlu
- Izinga lokungasebenziyo ngonyaka, i-BLS.
- Iingxelo zeNkcazo zeSizwe kunye neeNkcukacha zeMveliso: Itheyibhile 1.1.5. I-GDP yegama, iThebhile 1.1.1. I-GDP Growth Rate, BEA.
- Ukubuyisela Imbali .
- Ixesha elide lokuPhukisa .
- IiNtloko ze-US ngonyaka, InfoPlease.
- Isihlandlo seNkulu yokuPhukisa, iCol Poly College.
- FDR Ixesha leMbali yeZenzo
Ezinye iinkqubo zooMongameli zoQoqosho
- UDonald Trump (2017 - 2021)
- UBarack Obama (2009 - 2017)
- UGeorge W. Bush (2001 - 2009)
- UBill Clinton (1993 - 2001)
- URonald Reagan (ngo-1981 ukuya ku-1989)
- URichard Nixon (1969 - 1974)
- ULyndon Johnson (1963 - 1969)
- UJohn F. Kennedy (ngo-1961 - 1963)