Indlela i-LBJ kaMongameli kaMphathiswa echaphazela ngayo namhlanje
ULyndon Baines Johnson wayengumongameli wama-36 wase-US. Wayekhonza ukususela ngo-1963 ukuya ku-1969. Wafungiswa ngoNovemba 22, 1963, iiyure ezimbini kunye nemizuzu emithandathu emva kokuba uMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy abulawe. Emva kokugqiba unyaka wokugqibela wekota ka-JFK, wakhethwa ngo-1964 kunye nama-61 ekhulwini lamavoti. Kwakungumgama ogqithisileyo kakhulu kumlando waseMelika. Lo myalelo wamvumela ukuba wandise indima yombuso karhulumente.
I-LBJ yokwandisa iindleko zikaRhulumente zongeze i-$ 42 billion, okanye iipesenti ezili-13, kwisikwere sikazwelonke . Kwakuphantse iphindwe kabini imali eyongezwe ngu-JFK, kodwa ngaphantsi kweyesithathu yongezwa nguMongameli uNixon . Enyanisweni, wonke umongameli ukususela ngoJohnson ukwandise ityala ngamaphesenti angama-30 okanye ngaphezulu. Ngaphezulu, jonga iMali-mboleko yase-US nguMongameli .
Namhlanje, u-LBJ ukubonga nge-Medicare, Medicaid, kunye nokuvuselelwa kwidolophini. Kwakhona wanyanzela ilungelo lokuba abantu abancinci bavote, bakhwele iibhasi kwaye baye esikolweni njengabantu abamhlophe. Ngaphandle kweprogram yakhe yeNkampani enkulu, bekungekho Ndawo Yesizwe yoBugcisa okanye uLuntu, akukho nkonzo yezokuSasazwa koLuntu, okanye imfundo yabaqhubi. Kwakhona unombulelo kuye ngenxa yecala leMfazwe yaseVietnam, eyayiqhubela phambili kodwa ayikwazi ukuphumelela.
Imfazwe kwiNtlupheko
Kungekudala emva kokufunga, uLBJ yazisa iMfazwe eNtlupheko. Yayiyindlela yakhe yokunyusa i-Kennedy yentlawulo yerhafu kunye neyayilwayo yamalungelo oluntu. Nangona isantya sokungabikho kwemisebenzi yayingama-5,5 ekhulwini kuphela, yayingama-25 ekhulwini kubantu abatsha.
Ipesenti yeentsapho eziphila ngaphantsi kwezinga lehlwempu zazingekho ngcono. Enyanisweni, inani labantwana kwinhlalakahle sele liphantse liphindwe kabini phakathi kwe-1950-1960 ukuya kwizigidi ezi-2.4.
Imfazwe eNtlupheko yayiququzelelwe yi-arhente zentsebenzo. La maCA federal aphikisana ngokuba aphumelele kwiinkqubo zombuso kunye neenkqubo.
Ezi ziquka iinkonzo zentlalo, impilo yengqondo, ukunakekelwa kwezonyango kunye nemisebenzi yenkqubo. Ngo-1964, iCongress yadlulisela uMthetho woMathuba wezoQoqosho, ukudala i-ofisi enye ngokukhethekileyo ukuqhuba ezi arhente.
Ukutyunjwa kwentlawulo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweentlawulo zikaRhulumente kwandisa ukukhula koqoqosho, okwenza i-LBJ ibe nguMongameli abambalwa ukuphepha zonke izinto eziye zenziwa . Ngama-1970, i-Federal Reserve kwafuneka iphendulele kwimigaqo-mali yokuphambana nokuphucula ukukhula kwaye iphele ukunyuka kwamaxabiso amabini. Ukufumana okungakumbi, jonga iNqanaba lokuNyaka kweNgqesho ngonyaka kunye ne- GDP ngonyaka .
Omkhulu uMbutho
Ngo-1964, i-LBJ yagijimelana ne-Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater kwiplani yokwakha i-Great Society. Wachaza umbono wakhe ngoMeyi 22, 1964, kwinkulumo yokuqalisa kwiYunivesithi yaseMichigan. Apha, uJohsonson wabuza isizwe ukuba singashukumi "kuphela kwintlalo ecebileyo kunye noluntu olunamandla kodwa luya phezulu kwi-Great Society." Ngaloo nto, iMelika "iya kuphelisa ubumpofu kunye nokungabi nabulungisa kobuhlanga." Yatshintshile inkcazo ye- American Dream ukusuka kwelinye ithuba kumntu oqinisekisile impilo.
UJohnson wandise urhulumente kazwelonke ngemigaqo-nkqubo kunye nenkxaso-mali. I-Great Society ibonelele imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, ukuvuselelwa kwidolophini kunye nokuphuhliswa, ukulungiswa kunye nolondolozo.
Kwaqhubeka iMfazwe kwiNtlupheko, kwadala iinkqubo ezintsha zokuthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokugqithisa, ngelixa lwandisa amalungelo okuvota. Kwakudinga ukuba amazwe ahlangabezane nezibophelelo ezincinci ezikhethiweyo zeFederal.
UJohnson wadala iSebe leZindlu kunye noPhuhliso lweMihlaba, eyayijongene noluntu lwezindlu kunye nokuphuhliswa kwemibhobho. Okubaluleke kakhulu, uJohnson wanyusa i-Medicare ukuba agqubuthe esibhedlele kubantu abadala, kunye neMedicaid, enikezela ngononophelo lwempilo kwabo bangaphantsi komgca-ntlupheko. Ekubeni ukhetho lwakhe ludale amaDemokhrasi amakhulu kwiNdlu kunye neNkulumbuso, ezi nkqubo zihanjiswe kunye nezilungiso ezimbalwa.
Ukuxhaswa kwe-LBJ yendawo yokuzabalalisa kwavumela abadlali abathathu ukuba bajikeleze inyanga ngo-1968. Wathi kubo, "Nithathile ... sonke, emhlabeni jikelele, kwixesha elitsha ..."
LBJ neVietnam
Ngo-1965, uJohnson wathumela ama-100,000 amabutho okulwa eVietnam.
Ngowe-1968, wandisa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lokulondoloza ukuxhasa ama-500,000. Amaxhoba aseMerika akhula njengoko i-North Vietnamese ibonakala iyinqobile. Okokuba uJohnson wayefuna nje ukuxhasa iSouth Vietnamese kuze kube yilapho bekwazi ukuthatha. Akazange acwangcise ukuphumelela.
Emva kwexesha, i-LBJ ibhekane nokunyanzelana kwemfazwe. Ukwamkelwa kwakhe kwamkela ngaphantsi kweepesenti ezingama-30. Xa bobabini uSenene u-Eugene McCarthy noRobert Kennedy babhengeza abaviwa babo kuMongameli ngo-1968, waphuma emncintiswaneni. Wafa ngesifo senhliziyo ngowe-1973. Ulale wangcwatyelwa kwindawo ye-oki ecaleni komlambo kwiLBJ Ranch.
Iminyaka Yokuqala YoJohnson
ULBJ wazalwa ngo-Agasti 27, 1908, ephakathi kweTexas. Uvelwano lwakhe lwabahlwempuze lwaqala njengoko wayesebenza ngendlela yaseKhosi yase-Texas State Teachers College njengotitshala kubantu baseMexico. Ngomnyaka we-1937 wanyulwa kwiNdlu yabameli, ngokulandela i-New Deal policies ye-FDR. Waye, kodwa akazange aphumelele, isikolo saseGeorgetown School. Ngexesha le-WWII, wathola iSiliver Star njengomlawuli we-Navy we-Navy eSouth Pacific.
Ngomnyaka we-1948, wanyulwa kwiSenate emva kokukhonza imiqathango emithandathu kwiNdlu. Ngowe-1953, waba nguNgcaciso weNgcaciso yeNtloko yeNtloko kwiNkcazo. Waba yiNkokheli enkulu emva konyaka. Wabonisa ubuchule obukhulu njengentetho-ntsebenziswano enokubambisana nomthetho we-Civil Rights Act ka-1957. Wabuye wanyusa ukungena kweMelika kwi-Space Race.
Ngo-1961, uJohnson waba nguNqununu-Mongameli phantsi kwe-JFK, ukuzisa amavoti angamazantsi-ntshona afunekayo ukuphumelela. Nangona engazange ahlale ejikelezweni lwangaphakathi likaKennedy, wayephethe iiprogram ezininzi zasekhaya. Oku kuquka i-NASA, isivumelwano sokuqandwa kwamandla enyukliya kunye namalungelo oluntu. Kwakhona waxhasa esidlangalaleni ukuthumela abacebisi bezempi eMzantsi Vietnam.
Ezinye iinkqubo zooMongameli zoQoqosho
- UDonald Trump (2017 - 2021)
- UBarack Obama (2009 - 2017)
- UGeorge W. Bush (2001 - 2009)
- UBill Clinton (1993 - 2001)
- URonald Reagan (ngo-1981 ukuya ku-1989)
- URichard Nixon (1969 - 1974)
- UJohn F. Kennedy (ngo-1961 - 1963)
- UFranklin D. Roosevelt (1933 - 1945)