Izizathu Ezilishumi Ekubeni Kutheni Wonke umntu Ukhokhela Ikheshi Ngoku
Cinga nje ngokuba kunzima kangakanani idola nganye ukwenza ukwanda kwezoqoqosho. Xa ukunyuka kwemali kuphezulu, kuthetha ukuba idola ngalinye lihamba ngokukhawuleza ukuthenga izinto kunye neenkonzo.
Le mfuno ivelisa imveliso. Xa i-speed isezantsi, idola nganye ayisetyenziswanga rhoqo ukuthenga izinto. Kunoko, isetyenziselwa utyalo-mali kunye nokulondolozwa.
Formula
Ukukhawuleza kwemali kubalwa kusetyenziswa ukulingana.
VM = PQ / M
Kuphi:
VM = Velocity yeMali
I-PQ = Igama lomNyango weMveliso yaseKhaya . Ilinganisa iimpahla kunye neenkonzo ezithengiweyo.
M = Ukubonelela ngemali . Iibhanki eziMbindi zisebenzisa iM1 okanye iM2 ukulinganisa imali yokubonelela ngemali. I-M1 ibandakanya imali, abahambi bahlola, kwaye bajonga i-akhawunti edibanyiweyo (kuquka abo bahlawula umdla.) I-M2 yongeza i-akhawunti yokulondoloza, izatifikethi ze-deposit phantsi kwe-$ 100,000 kunye nemali yemarike yemali (ngaphandle kwaleyo egcinwe kwiIRAs). I- Federal Reserve isebenzisa i-M2 kuba yinkalo ebanzi yemali. Akukho M1 okanye i-M2 equka utyalo-mali-mali, ezifana nezitokisi, izibophelelo , okanye iimveliso. Ukunikezelwa kwemali akubandakanyi ukulingana kwekhaya okanye ezinye iimpahla.
US Velocity of Money
Ukukhawuleza kwemali e-United States kwinqanaba layo eliphantsi kwiimbali zakutshanje.
Oko kuthetha ukuba iintsapho, amashishini kunye noorhulumente abasebenzisi imali ekhoyo ukuze bathenge iimpahla kunye neenkonzo njengokuba bebenjalo. Kunoko, batyalomali okanye bayisebenzise ukuhlawula ityala.
Inkqubo yemali yokwandisa yokumisa ingxaki yezimali ka-2008 ingaba yenze umgibe wecala . Yilapho abantu kunye namashishini abamba imali kunokuba bayisebenzise.
Oku kwenzeka ntoni? Isiqhwithi esipheleleyo seenguqu zabantu, ukuphendulela kwiRest Recession, kunye neenkqubo ze- Fed ziye zadibanisa ukuyidala.
Okokuqala, i-Fed iyanciphisa isantya semali esondliwe ukuya kutsho ngonyaka ka-2008 kwaye igcinwe khona ukuya ku-2015. Ubeka isantya se-investments esifutshane njengezatifikethi ze-deposit, imali yemarike yemali, okanye ezinye iibhondi zexesha elifutshane. Ekubeni iirhafu ziphantse zero, abahlanguli abanalo inzuzo encinane ekuthengeni ezo mali. Kunoko, bahlala bengenayo imali ngenxa yokuba bafumana ukubuyela okufanayo.
Okwesibini, inkqubo ye-Fed ye -easing program inokuthi ithathe indawo yokubambisa imali ebanjwe ngamabhanki kunye ne- US Treasury ibone ngekhredithi. Oku kunciphisa ixabiso lesenzalo kwiibhondi zexesha elide, kubandakanywa nemali-mboleko, ityala lenkampani kunye noNondyebo. Amabhanki anokunciphisa ukubolekisa xa ukubuyiswa kwemali mboleko kuphantsi. Ngoko ke, babambe i-credit card eyongezelelweyo njengemali engaphezulu.
Okwesithathu, iFed yaqala ukuhlawula inzala ebhankini kwimigangatho yabo ngo-2008. Le nto yabanika ibhanki isizathu esithile sokubamba ukugcinwa kweengxowankulu ezingaphezu kweengozi kunokuba ibole imali. Amabhanki awafumani nto eninzi kwimali evela kwimali-mboleko yokunciphisa umngcipheko. Ngenxa yoko, ukugcinwa kwemali eyongeziweyo kwenyuka ukusuka kwi-$ 1.9 yezigidigidi ngo-2007 ukuya kwi $ 1.5 trillion ngo-2012.
Izibonelelo ezifunekayo zikhulile zivela kwiiRandi ezingama-43 ukuya kwii-100 zeebhiliyoni ezili-100 ngeli xesha.
Okwesine, i-Fed yaqalisa esinye isixhobo esitsha esibizwa ngokuba yi- rest reos . I-Fed ihlawula inzala ebhanki kwimali "iyaboleka" kubo ubusuku bonke. I-Fed ayifuni imali. Yenza oku kuphela ukulawula izinga le-Fed mali. Amabhanki akayi kuboleka imali eyondla imali engaphantsi kunokuba ihlawulwa inzala kwimali yokuhlala.
Okwesibini, ngenxa yeDodd-Frank , i-Fed ifune ukuba ibhanki ibambe inkunzi enkulu. Oko kuthetha ukuba iibhanki ziyaqhubeka zigcina indawo engaphezu kweendawo zokuhlala ngaphandle kokunyusa imali engaphezulu ngemali mboleko.
I-Fed ayigxeki ngokupheleleyo. I-Congress kufuneka isebenze kunye neFed ukwenzela ukukhulisa uqoqosho ngaphandle kokunciphisa umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali . Emva kokuphumelela koMthetho we-Economic stimulus Act ngo-2009, iCongress yabuyela kumgaqo-nkqubo wokulimala owonakalisayo.
Yatshengisa ukuba ingahlawulwa kwi-matyala ngo-2011. Yatshitshisa ukunyusa irhafu kunye nokunciphisa iindleko kunye ne- cliff yezimali ngonyaka ka-2012. Inciphisa kakhulu imali ngokusebenzisa ukulandelwa kwemali kwaye igxotha urhulumente ngo-2013. Le nyathelo yokunyanzeliswa kwamanyanzelisa iFed ukuba igcine umgaqo-mali wezongeziweyo ixesha elide kunokuba kufuneka libe nalo.
Isizathu sesisixhenxe kukuba iRest Recession yonakalisa ubutyebi. Abantu abaninzi balahlekelwa amakhaya abo, imisebenzi yabo, okanye imali yabo yokugcina umhlalaphantsi. Abo babengenako ukwesaba ukuthenga nantoni na into ayifunayo ngokwenene. Abaninzi abaselula baya kwikolishi kuba babengenakufumana imisebenzi. Ngoku bahlawula imali mboleko yesikolo kunokuba baqale iintsapho. Oku kugcina ukusetyenziswa komntu .
Ekugqibeleni kodwa kuncinci ukutshintshwa kwabantu. Abantwana boomntwana bayena umhlalaphantsi ngaphandle kokonga. Bayehlisela ngoku, kunokuba banwebe iintsapho njengoko babeneminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo. Oku konke kunciphisa ukuchitha. (Umthombo: "Iyintoni Imali YeVelocity Esixelela Ngayo Imiphumo Ephantsi E-United States?" I-Federal Reserve Bank yaseSt. Louis, Septemba 4, 2014.)
Velocity of Chart Money
Le tstshi ibonisa indlela ukwandiswa kwemali kungabikho ukukhula. Esi sizathu esinye sinexabiso elincinci lentengo kwixabiso lempahla kunye neenkonzo. Njengoko imali eninzi ingena kutyalo-mali, yakha iibhola zendawo.
Velocity yeMali 2017
| Unyaka | M2 | GDP | Velocity | Amazwana |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1999 | $ 4.63 | $ 9.66 | 2.09 | Ukuphinda kweGlasi-Steagall . |
| 2000 | $ 4.91 | $ 10.28 | 2.09 | Umbhobho weTech uqhubekile. |
| 2001 | $ 5.42 | $ 10.62 | 1.96 | 9/11 ukuhlaselwa . EGTRRA |
| 2002 | $ 5.76 | $ 10.98 | 1.91 | Imfazwe kwiSibetho . |
| 2003 | $ 6.05 | $ 11.51 | 1.90 | I-JGTRRA yentlawulo yerhafu. |
| 2004 | $ 6.40 | $ 12.27 | 1.92 | Amaxabiso aphakanyisiweyo. |
| 2005 | $ 6.67 | $ 13.09 | 1.96 | Katrina . Umthetho weBhanki . |
| 2006 | $ 7.06 | $ 13.86 | 1.96 | Inkcitho ephantsi kwempesheni . |
| 2007 | $ 7.46 | $ 14.48 | 1.94 | Ubunzima bebhanki . |
| 2008 | $ 8.18 | $ 14.72 | 1.80 | Ukukhwabanisa kwemakethe ye-Stock . Ibhobho kwixabiso leoli . |
| 2009 | $ 8.48 | $ 14.42 | 1.70 | Obama wabamba isikhundla. Ukuzibuyisela kuphelile. |
| 2010 | $ 8.79 | $ 14.96 | 1.70 | ACA . Dodd-Frank . |
| 2011 | $ 9.65 | $ 15.52 | 1.61 | Iingxaki zematyala . Ibhola le golide . |
| 2012 | $ 10.45 | $ 16.16 | 1.55 | Ubuncwane buvelisa i-200-year low. |
| 2013 | $ 11.02 | $ 16.69 | 1.52 | Bubble yemakethe ye-Stock. |
| 2014 | $ 11.67 | $ 17.43 | 1.49 | Amandla eDola akhula. |
| 2015 | $ 12.34 | $ 18.12 | 1.47 | I-Dollar ixabisa i-25%. |
| 2016 | $ 13.21 | $ 18.62 | 1.41 | Utyalo-mali ophantsi. |
| 2017 | $ 13.83 | $ 19.39 | 1.40 | IDolala yehla . |
Ukubonelela ngemali kunye ne-GDP yomgama kwii-Trillion, ngoDisemba. (Umthombo: "M2 Imali yeMali ekupheleni konyaka," iSt. Louis Federal Reserve. "I-GDP yegama, iThebhile 1.1.5, kwiQ4" BEA.)