Fumana ulwazi kwi-Properties, History, Ukuveliswa kwale Brittle Metal
I-Bismuth iyi-silvery kunye nesinyithi esinesibhakabhaka esivame ukufumaneka kwi- alloys ephantsi . Imfuno yensimbi ye-bismuth iye yanda kwiminyaka engama-20 edlulileyo kwinxalenye enkulu ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwayo ngokufanelekileyo njengenxalenye yesikhokelo .
Iipropati:
- I-Atomic Symbol: Bi
- Inomic Number: 83
- Udidi lwe-Element: I-post-transition iron
- Ubuninzi: 9.78 g / cm 3 (20 ° C)
- I-Melting Point: 272 ° F (521 ° C)
- Indawo yokubilisa: 1564 ° F (2847 ° C)
- Ubunzima bukaMoh: 2.25
Iimpawu:
I-Bismuth i-brittle, i-silvery-green green ene-low melting temperature kunye neqondo eliphezulu.
Ukuba kunye nozinzo kunye nokungabi netyhefu, i-bismuth isetyenziswa rhoqo njengendawo yokutshintshwa kweensimbi ezinetyhefu ezifana ne-antimony, i-cadmium, i-lead, kunye ne- mercury .
Njengamanzi, i-bismuth incinci kakhulu kunamandla kunokuba ityhide (iyanda njengoko ipholile), isakhiwo esiyingqayizivele yesitye. Kuzo zonke izakhi zensimbi, i-bismuth inokuxhatshazwa kwamandla ombane kunye ne-thermo-conductivity ephantsi (ngaphandle kwe-mercury), kwakunye neyona ndlela iphezulu yeHolo ye-Effect (ukwandiswa kokumelana nombane xa kufakwe kwindawo ye-magnetic).
Imbali:
I-Bismuth yaqale yaqatshelwa ngexesha leMinyaka Ephakathi, kodwa, ngaphandle kokukwazi ukuhlukanisa isinyithi yayivame ukudideka nge- tin , ukukhokela, i- antimony kunye ne- zinc . Ngo-1450, umonki waseJamani uBasil Valentine waqala ngokubhekisela kwi- wismut , okanye ' umtsalane omhlophe', owawuza kuba ngeLatini njenge- bisemutum .
Ukukhutshwa kwe-bismuth ekusebenziseni kwiibhabhi kwaqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-15 kwiimigodi zesilivere eSchönberg, eJamani. Ephakathi kwe-18 leminyaka, uphando olwenziwa nguJohan Heinrich Pott noClaude Geoffroy lukhokelela ekuqondeni kangcono i-bismuth kunye neendawo zayo ezizodwa.
Oogqirha bezobugqirha beli xesha, bayazi ukuba izakhiwo ezinobungcali zonyango ekunakekeleni izimo zesisu.
Imisebenzi yokuqala ye-metallurgical ye-bismuth yayise-pewter alloys, apho yayisetyenziswa ngokukhokela kunye ne-tin ukunciphisa ukushisa kwama-melt, kunye ne-alloys ene-antimony yokushicilela uhlobo lweevenkile.
Impembelelo enkulu kwi-bismuth shishini yafika phakathi ko-1990 kunye noMthetho oLungileyo waMthetho wokuTywala kwamanzi (1995), owawunqanda ukukhokelwa kweendawo zokusela kwamanzi eMelika. Kwiminyaka engama-20 edlulileyo, ukunyuswa kokungabikho kokukhokelela kuye kwaphumela ekuthotyeni i-bismuth kwiintlobo ezininzi zezicelo.
U ku velisa:
I-Bismuth isoloko ivela ngokwemvelo kwi-sulfide ore bismuthinite (Bi2S3) okanye i-oxide ore bismite (Bi2O3). Nangona kunjalo, ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezinjalo kuphela kwizinto ezinobunzima bismuth akunakunqwenela ukonga kunye ne-bismuth, endaweni yoko, ngokukodwa iveliswe njengemveliso ye-lead smelting. E-China, ubuninzi be-bismuth babuye bakhishwa kwi- tungsten , i-tin kunye ne-zinc ores.
Ukukhutshwa kwesimbi ye-bismuth ekhokelayo ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka ngeyodwa yeenkqubo ezimbini; Inkqubo ye-Betterton-Kroll okanye inkqubo yeBetts.
Inkqubo ye-Betterton-Kroll ihlukanisa i-bismuth ekukhokeleleni ngokusungulwa kwe-calcium okanye i- magnesium kwisisombululo esityhidiweyo sokukhokela kunye ne-bismuth. I-calcium okanye i-magnesium ephazamisayo, ekugqithiseni ukugqithisa kunokuba iqhutywe ikhuphukele phezulu njengamanzi (ukungcola okunzulu) kwaye iyakususwa. Amatye athatyathwa nge-chlorine kumaqondo ajikelezileyo angama-572-932 ° F (380-500 ° C) ukususa i-magnesium okanye i-calcium.
Ubungcwele bismuth buveliswa emva kokonyangwa usebenzisa i-hydroxyde sodium.
Inkqubo ye-Betts ibandakanya ukucocwa kwe-electrolytic ye-bullion ekhokelayo. Kwisisombululo se-catalytic, iipilisi zetsimbi ezicocekileyo zithatha i-anode, ngelixa iindawo ezingcolileyo, kubandakanywa ne-bismuth, zihlala phantsi kwesitya. Umxube obunxantye wezinyithi ungancibilika ukuze kuveliswe i-alloy yensimbi kunye ne-bismuth-rich-rich slag, eyancitshiswa ngekhabhoni ukuvelisa i-bismuth yensimbi.
E-China, i-concentrate ye-bismuth iveliswa yi-leaching, ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla kunye / okanye iindlela zokuhamba ngokuhlukana. Ukugxininiswa kuthi ke kubangelwa ukuvelisa i-bismuth engcolileyo yokucoca.
Amazwe amakhulu okuvelisa i-bismuth yiTshayina, iPeru, iMexico (engcolileyo kunye nokucocwa) kunye neBelgium (ehlanjululwe). Ngo-2013, i-US Geological Survey iqikelele ukuveliswa kwemveliso ye-bismuth yehlabathi jikelele malunga ne-17,000 yamathani eetrikri.
Kule nto, ukuveliswa kweTshayina kwaba malunga nama-90 ekhulwini. Ngama-bismuth angaphezu kwama-70 amabini, i-China nayo ilandelelanisa ubuninzi beendawo ze-bismuth.
Abavelisi abakhulu be-bismuth baquka i-Hunan Nonferrous Group (i-China), i-Shizhuyuan Nonferrous (i-China), i-Penoles (Mexico), i-Sidech (iBelgium) kunye ne-MCP (i-UK).
Izicelo:
Ngenxa yobungqina bismuth, iintlobo ezizityiweyo zetsimbi ayisebenzisi kwizicelo ze-metallurgical. Kodwa ke, isetyenzisiweyo njengesalathisi esongeziweyo sobhedu , i- aluminium , isinyithi kunye neyinyithi njengenxalenye yesikhokelo kunye nefuthe kwaye yenza ama-alloys angaphantsi.
Imithombo:
I-Elementymology & Elements Multiments. Bismuth.
http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Bi
Survey Geological Survey. Bismuth.
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/bismuth/