Yintoni i-tungsten?
I-Tungsten yintsimbi enobumba obunemibala esiliva kunye neyona nto inyibilikiyo yensimbi.
Eyaziwa nangokuthi nguWolfram, apho iqela lithatha isimboli sayo, W, i-tungsten inqabana kakhulu nokukhwabanisa kune-diamond kwaye inzima kunokuba yintsimbi. Iimpawu eziyingqayizivele zengcibi zengcibi - amandla ayo kunye nokukwazi ukujamelana nokushisa okuphezulu - okwenza kube lula kwiimfuno ezininzi zorhwebo nezoshishino.
Iipropati:
- I-Atomic Symbol: W
- Inomic Number: 74
- Udidi lwe-Element: iTransition Metal
- Ubunzima: 19.24g / cm 3
- I-Melting Point: 6192 ° F (3422 ° C)
- Indawo yokubilisa: 10031 ° F (5555 ° C)
- Ubunzima bukaMoh: 7.5
U ku velisa:
I-Tungsten ngokuyinhloko ikhishwe kwiintlobo ezimbini zamaminerali, i-wolframite kunye ne-scheelite. Nangona kunjalo, ukubuyiswa kwakhona kwe-tungsten kwakhona kubangelwa malunga ne-30% yonikezelo lwehlabathi jikelele. I-China ngumvelisi omkhulu wehlabathi wezitye, ukubonelela ngaphezu kwe-80% yehlabathi.
Emva kokuba i-tungsten ore iqhutywe kwaye ihlukaniswe, ifomu yamachiza, i-ammonium paratungstate (APT), iveliswa. I-APT inokufudumala nge-hydrogen ukuba yenze i-tidesten oxide okanye iya kuthathwa ngekhabhoni kumaqondo angaphezulu kwe-1925 ° F (1050 ° C) ukuvelisa itsimbi ye-tungsten.
Izicelo:
Isicelo saseTungsten esisisiseko kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-100 siye saba njenge-filament kwi-bulb light incandescent. Ingxube encinci ye-silicate ye-potassium-aluminium, i-tungsten powder ifakwe kwizinga eliphezulu lokushisa ukuvelisa i-wire filament ephakathi kwezibane zokukhanya ezikhanyisa izigidi zamakhaya emhlabeni jikelele.
Ngenxa yekhono le-tungsten yokugcina ukuma kwayo kumaqondo aphezulu aphezulu, i-tungsten filaments nayo isetyenzisiwe kwiintlobo zezicelo zasemakhaya, kuquka izibane, izigulana zezikhukhula, izinto ezifudumalayo kumatshini kagesi, ii-ovens microwave, iipayipi ze-ray kunye nezibatho ze-cathode-ray (CRTs). ) kwizixhobo zekhompyuter kunye neesethiyam.
Ukunyamezela kwentsimbi ukushisa okukhulu kuya kwenza kube lula kwi-thermocouples kunye noombane oombane kwi-arc ifoni kunye nezinto zokusebenza zokuhambisa. Izicelo ezifuna ubuninzi obunzulu, okanye ubunzima, ezifana nezixhobo zokulwa, iintlanzi zokuloba, kunye neentsimbi zivame ukusebenzisa i-tungsten ngenxa yobuninzi bayo.
Tungsten Carbide:
I-tungsten carbide ikhiqizwa ngokubambisa i-atom enye ye-tungsten ene-carbon atom enye (emele i-symbol yeciksi yeWC) okanye i-athomu ezimbini ze-tungsten ene-carbon atom (W2C). Yenziwa ngokushushumbisa i-tungsten powder kunye nekhabhoni kumaqondo okushisa ama-2550 ° F ukuya kwi-2900 ° F (1400 ° C ukuya ku-1600 ° C) kumlambo wegesi ye-hydrogen.
Ngokuhambelana nobunzima bukaMoh (umlinganiselo wesakhono esisodwa sokukhangela enye), i-tungsten carbide inobunzima buka-9.5, kuphela nje ngaphantsi kwedayimane. Ngesi sizathu, le ngqungquthela elukhuni ixhamla, inqubo efuna ukuba icinezele kwaye ifudume ifom yefowder kumaqondo aphezulu, ukwenza iimveliso ezisetyenziselwa ukuchitha nokusika. Isiphumo sixhobo esinokusebenza phantsi kweemeko zokushisa okuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo, ezifana nezixhobo zokugaya, izixhobo zokukhangela, izixhobo zokugaya kunye neenqwelo zokubhoboza izixhobo.
I-carboide enomveliso ikhiqizwa ngokusebenzisa inhlanganisela ye-tungsten carbide kunye ne- cobalt powder, kwaye isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa izixhobo ezinqabileyo ezinjengezo ezisetyenziselwa kumashishini omboni.
Umshini wokukrazula owawusetyenziselwa ukumba iTannel iTannel edibanisa iBrithani ukuya eYurophu, eqinisweni, yayifakwe ngamacebiso angama-100 e-cemented carbide.
Tungsten Alloys:
Isinyithi seTungsten sinokuhlanganiswa nezinye izinyithi ukwenzela ukwandisa amandla abo nokuchasana ukugqoka kunye nokubola . Ii- alloys ze- Steel zihlala ziqulethe i-tungsten kulezi zakhiwo ezixhamlayo. Izibhengezo ezininzi eziphezulu-ezisetyenziswe ekunqumeni nasekusebenziseni izixhobo ezifana nezixhobo zentsimbi-ziqulethe i-tungsten engama-18.
Iimbumba ze-tungsten zetsimbi nazo zisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwee-busi ze-injini ze-rocket, ezinokuthi zibe neendawo eziphezulu zokushushu ukushisa. Ezinye i- tungsten alloys ziquka iStell (i-cobalt, i-chromium, ne-tungsten), esetyenziswe ekuthwaleni nasepiston ngenxa yokuhlala kwayo kunye nokuxhatshazwa kokugqoka, kunye ne-Hevimet, eyenziwe ngokukhenkcela i-tungsten alloy powder kwaye isetyenziswe kwiimfolo, kunye neeklasi zegalufu.
I-Superalloys eyenziwe nge-cobalt, isinyithi okanye i- nickel , kunye ne-tungsten, ingasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-turbine blades for aircraft.