I-Cobalt yintsimbi eqaqambileyo, ebonakalayo esetyenziselwa ukuvelisa ii- allo ezinamandla, ukubola kunye ne-heat-resistant alloys , amagnetti angunaphakade kunye nezitye ezinzima.
Iipropati
- I-Atomic Symbol: Co
- Inomic Number: 27
- I-Atomic Mass: 58.93g / mol
- Udidi lwe-Element: Utshintsho lwesimbi
- Ubunzima: 8.86g / cm 3 kwi-20 ° C
- I-Melting Point: 2723 ° F (1495 ° C)
- Indawo yokubilisa: 5301 ° F (2927 ° C)
- Ubunzima bukaMoh: 5
Iimpawu
Insimbi yecala ye-cobalt i-brittle, inomlinganiselo ophezulu wokukhenkcezwa kwaye ixabiseke ngokunyuka kwayo kunye nokukwazi ukugcina amandla ayo kumaqondo aphezulu.
Ngenye yezinto ezintathu zendalo ezenziwe ngokwemvelo (i- iron kunye ne- nickel yilezo ezimbini) kwaye igcina i-magnetism kwiqondo eliphezulu (ngo-2012 ° F, i-1100 ° C) kunanoma yiphina insimbi. Ngamanye amazwi, i-cobalt ineyona ndawo ephezulu yeCurie Point yazo zonke izitye. I-Cobalt nayo inezixhobo ezixabisekileyo
Imbali
Igama le-cobalt libuyela kwixesha lesi-15 leminyaka lesiJalimane elithi kobold , elithetha intshukumo, okanye umoya ongendawo. I-Kobold yayisetyenziselwa ukuchaza i-cobalt ores, ngelixa ixutywa ngesiqulatho sayo sesilivere, ikhuphe i-arsenic trioxide enetyhefu.
Ukusetyenziswa kokuqala kwe-cobalt kwakukho izixhobo ezisetyenziselwa idayi eluhlaza okwenziwa ngobumba, iirazi kunye ne-glazes. Iimbumba zaseYiputa kunye neBhabhiloni ezidaywe ngamacube e-cobalt zingabalwa emva kwe-1450 BC
Ngomnyaka we-1735, isazi samakhemikhali waseSweden uGeorge Brandt wayengowokuqala ukuhlukanisa loo nto kwizinto ze- copper ore. Wabonisa ukuba i-pigment eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yavela kwi-cobalt, kungekhona i-arsenic okanye i- bismuth njengabadumi bezinto zakudala ababekholelwa.
Emva kokuba yedwa, i-cobalt yensimbi yayingavamile kwaye yayingasetyenziselwa ukusetyenziswa kude kube yikhulu lama-20.
Kungekudala emva kowe-1900, u-Elwood Haynes waseMelika oshishino lwezithuthi, wavelisa i-alloy entsha enokumelana ne-corrosion resistant, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-stellite. I-Patent enyakeni ka-1907, ii-stell alloys ziqulethe i-cobalt ephezulu kunye ne-chromium kwaye ayiyiyo imbane.
Olunye uphuhliso olubalulekileyo lwe-cobalt lwaza lwakhiwa kwe- aluminium- nickel-cobalt (AlNiCo) magnet kwi-1940s. Amagonta e-AlNiCo abe ngowokuqala endaweni yamashishini. Ngowe-1970, lo shishino lugqityiwe ngokuphuhliswa kwamagnetti e-samarium-cobalt, awanikeze amandla okugcina amandla ombane.
Ukubaluleka kwemveliso ye-cobalt kubangele ukuba i-London Metal Exchange (LME) iqalise iikontraka ze-cobalt zonyaka wezi-2010.
U ku velisa
I-Cobalt ngokwemvelo ivela kwi-latites-bearing laterites kunye ne-nickel-copper copper sulfide kwaye, ngoko ke, isoloko ichithwe njengemveliso ye-nickel kunye nobhedu. Ngokutsho kweCobalt Development Institute, malunga ne-48% yemveliso ye-cobalt ivela kwi-nickel ores, i-37% kwi-ores ye-copper kunye ne-15% ukusuka kwi-cobalt yokuvelisa.
Iimpawu eziphambili ze-cobalt ziyi-cobaltite, i-erythrite, i-glaucodot, kunye ne-skutterudite.
Inkqubo yokucoca isetyenzisiweyo esetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-cobalt yentsimbi ixhomekeke ekubeni imveliso yokutya ifom (1) i-copper-cobalt sulfide ore, (2) i-cobalt-nickel sulfide concentrate, (3) i-arsenide ore okanye (4) i-nickel-laterite ore:
- Emva kokuba i-cathode yethusi iveliswe kwi-cobalt equkethe i-sulfide ye-copper, i-cobalt, kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo, zishiywe kwi-electrolyte esebenzisa. Ukungcola (insimbi, i-nickel, ubhedu, i- zinc ) isuswe kwaye i-cobalt inqanda kwi-hydroxyde yayo ifomu usebenzisa i-lime. I-Cobalt yensimbi iya kuhlaziywa kule nto isebenzisa i-electrolysis, ngaphambi kokuba ichithwe kwaye ihlaselwe ukuvelisa isicatshulwa esicocekileyo, esentengiso.
- I-nickel sulfide ores iCobalt iphathwa ngokusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yeSherritt, ebizwa ngokuba nguSherrit Gordon Mines Ltd. (ngoku i-Sherritt International). Kule nkqubo, i-sulfide concentrate equkethe ngaphantsi kwe-1% i-cobalt ingcinezelo ifihliwe kumaqondo aphezulu kwiisombululo se-ammonia. Bobabini ithusi kunye ne-nickel bobabini basuswa kwiinkqubo zokunciphisa iikhemikhali, beshiya kuphela i-nickel kunye ne-cobalt sulfides. I-leaching pressure nge-air, i-sulfuric acid, kunye ne-ammonia ithola i-nickel ngaphezulu phambi kokuba ipowalt powder idibaniswe njengembewu yokucima i-cobalt kwindawo yegesi ye-hydrogen.
- I-arsenide ores ifunyiwe ukususa uninzi lwe-arsenic oxide. I-ores yiphathwa nge-hydrochloric acid kunye ne-chlorine, okanye nge-acid ye-sulfuric, ukudala isisombululo sokusihlambulula. Kusuka kule cobalt ifunyanwa ngokuchithwa kwe-electrorefining okanye i-carbonate precipitation.
- I-nickel-cobalt i-ores laterite iyakuncibilika kwaye ihlukaniswe ngokusebenzisa i-pyrometallurgical techniques okanye i-hydrometallurgical techniques, ezisebenzisa i-sulfuric acid okanye i-ammonia leach solutions.
Ngokomlinganiselo we-US Geological Survey (USGS), imveliso yam yomhlaba wonke ye-cobalt yayingama-88 000 ngamathani ngo-2010. Ihlabathi elikhulu elikhupha ama-cobalt ngamaxesha angama-45,000, i-Zambia (11,000) ne-China (6,200 ).
Ukucocwa kweCobalt kudla ngokuqhutyelwa ngaphandle kwelizwe apho i-ore okanye i-cobalt ingqwalasela iqaliswa ekuqaleni. Ngo-2010, amazwe avelisa ixabiso elikhulu kakhulu le-cobalt elicocwe yi-China (33,000 toni), i-Finland (9,300) ne-Zambia (5,000). Abavelisi abakhulu be-cobalt ecocekileyo baquka i-OM Group, iSherritt International, i-Xstrata Nickel ne-Jinchuan Group.
Izicelo
I-Superalloys, efana ne-stellite, iyona mboleki enkulu kunazo zonke ze-cobalt zetsimbi, ezimalunga ne-20% yemfuno. Eyenziwe ngensimbi, i-cobalt kunye ne-nickel, kodwa iqulethe inani elincinci lezinye izinyithi, kuquka i- chromium , i- tungsten , i-aluminium kunye ne- titanium , ezi zi-alloys eziphezulu ziyakwazi ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu, ukubola kunye nokugqoka, kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amajelo iinjethi zeenjini, iinxalenye zombane ezijongene nobunzima, izigwityu zokukhupha, kunye nemibhobho yompu.
Olunye usebenziso olubalulekileyo lwe-cobalt lungama-alloys angabinxibayo (isib. IVitallium), enokufunyanwa kumathambo kunye namazinyo, kunye nezigqoko ze-prosthetic namadolo.
I-Hardmetals, apho i-cobalt isetyenziswe njengento ebophayo, idla phantse i-12% ye-cobalt yonke. Ezi zibandakanya i-carbides yamatye kunye nezixhobo zedayimani ezisetyenziselwa ukusika izicelo kunye nezixhobo zokumbiwa.
I-Cobalt isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amatshini asisigxina, njenge-AlNiCo ekhankanywe ngasentla kunye neemali zamantarum-cobalt. Iimali ze-Magnets i-7% yexabiso le-cobalt yecimbi kwaye isetyenziswe kwimidiya yokurekhoda yamagneti, ama-motors kagesi, kunye nezivelisi.
Nangona kusetyenziswe ezininzi ze-cobalt zetsimbi, izicelo eziphambili ze-cobalt zikwicandelo leekhemikhali, elijongene nesiqingatha semfuno yehlabathi jikelele. Iikhemikhali zeCobalt zisetyenziselwa kwi-cathode ye-metallic yeetribhethi ezihlawulelwayo, kunye ne-petrochemical catalysts, i-pigmic pigments kunye ne-glass decolorizers.
Imithombo:
Omncinane, uRoland S. Cobalt . ENew York: Reinhold Publishing Corp 1948.
UDavis, uJoseph R. ASM Isicatshulwa esikhethekileyo: I-Nickel, i-Cobalt kunye ne-Alloys yazo . I-ASM International: 2000.
I-Darton Commodities Ltd .: Uhlolo lweCobalt Market Market 2009 .