Iipropati, iimpawu, imbali kunye nezicelo zeAluminium
I-aluminium (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-aluminium) iyona nto iyona nto ininzi yensimbi ehlabathini. Kwaye into enhle, nayo, ngokuba siyisebenzisa ezininzi. Amathani angama-41 yezigidi aphefumula ngonyaka kwaye aqeshwe kwisicwangciso esiphezulu sezicelo. Ukusuka kumzimbeni we-auto kuya kubhentshi beebhiya, kunye nakwiicandelo zombane ukuya kwizikhumba ze-aircraft, i-aluminium yinxalenye enkulu yempilo yethu yemihla ngemihla .
Iipropati
- I-Atomic Symbol: Al
- Inomic Number: 13
- Udidi lwe-Element: I-post-transition iron
- Ubuninzi: 2.70 g / cm 3
- I-Melting Point: 1220.58 ° F (660.32 ° C)
- Indawo yokubilisa: 4566 ° F (2519 ° C)
- Ubunzima bukaMoh: 2.75
Iimpawu
I-Aluminium yinto elula, ehamba phambili, ebonakalayo, engabonakaliyo enobungozi engasetyenziswa ngokulula. Ukugcinwa kwesimbi kunye neendawo ezininzi ezixhamlayo zenza ukuba kube yinto efanelekileyo kwiimveliso ezininzi zoshishino.
Imbali
Iimveliso zaseAluminium zazisetyenziswa ngamaYiputa asekuqaleni njengedayisi, izimonyo, namayeza, kodwa kwada kwada emva kwe-5000 kwiminyaka kamva abantu bafumene indlela yokugcoba i-aluminium yentsimbi ecocekileyo. Akumangalisi ukuba ukuphuhliswa kwezindlela zokuvelisa izityebhe zenziwe nge-aluminium kunye nokufika kombane ngekhulu le-19, njengoko ukuthunga i-aluminium kudinga umlinganiselo omkhulu wamandla.
Impumelelo enkulu ekuveliseni i-aluminium yafika ngo-1886 xa uCharles Martin Hall wafumanisa ukuba i-aluminium yayingenziwa ngokuchithwa kwe-electrolytic.
Kuze kube lelo xesha, i-aluminium yayiyeyona ndawo kwaye ibiza ngaphezu kwegolide. Nangona kunjalo, kungakapheli iminyaka emibili yokufumana iHolo, iinkampani ze-aluminium zazisungulwa eYurophu naseMelika.
Ngexesha lama-20 leminyaka, imfuneko ye-aluminium yanda kakhulu, ngokukodwa kwimashishini okuthutha kunye nokupakisha.
Nangona ubuchule bokuvelisa abukatshintshi ngokubanzi, baye benza ngokugqithiseleyo ngakumbi. Kule minyaka eyi-100 edlulileyo, inani lamandla asetyenziswe ukuvelisa iyunithi enye ye-aluminium sehlile kuma-70%.
U ku velisa
Ukuveliswa kwe-aluminium kwi-ore kuxhomekeke kwi-aluminium oxide (Al2O3), ekhishwe kwi-oreite. I-Bauxite iqulethe i-30-60% ye-aluminium oxide (ebizwa ngokuqhelekileyo njenge-alumina) kwaye iyafumaneka rhoqo kumhlaba. Le nkqubo inokuhlukaniswa ngamacandelo amabini; (1) ukukhutshwa kwe-alumina kwi-bauxite, kunye (2), ukutshiza kwesimbi yeluminiyamu kwi-alumina.
Ukwahlukana kwe-alumina ngokuqhelekileyo kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa oko kwaziwa ngokuba yi-Bayer Process. Oku kubandakanya ukuchoboza i-bauxite ibe ngumgubo, ukuxuba ngamanzi ukwenza i-slurry, ukufudumala kunye nokongeza i-caustic soda (NaOH). I-caustic soda i-alumina i-caustic, ivumela ukuba idlule kwi-filters, ilahle ukungcola.
Isisombululo se-aluminate sitshitshiswa kwiitanki zamanzi apho iinqununu ze-aluminium hydroxide zongezwa njenge 'imbewu'. Ukutsalisa nokupholisa kubangela ukuba i-aluminium hydroxide igxininise kwimpahla ye-imbewu, leyo ishushu kwaye yome ukuze ivelise i-alumina.
Iiseli ze-Electrolytic zisetyenziselwa ukutshiza i-aluminium kwi-alumina kwinkqubo efunyenwe nguCharles Martin Hall.
I-Alumina inxiliswe kwiiseli ichithwa kwindawo yokuhlambela ngokukhenkcezwa kwe-cryolite encibiliweyo ngo-1742F ° (950C °).
Okwangoku ngokuthe ngqo ukusuka kwi-10,000-300,000A ithunyelwa kwii-carbon diodes kwieseli ngokusebenzisa umxube kwisigxobo se-cathode. Lo mbane wombane uphula phantsi i-alumina ibe yi-aluminium kunye ne-oksijini. I-oksijini iyayiphendula nekhabhoni ivelise i-carbon dioxide, ngelixa i-aluminium ithandwa kwi-cathode cell cell.
I-aluminium iyakuthi iqokelelwe ize ihanjiswe kumatshini apho izinto eziphathekayo ze-aluminium ziyakongeza. Phantse enye yesithathu yazo zonke i-aluminium eyenziwa namhlanje ivela kwizinto eziphinda zenziwe kwakhona. Ngokwe-Geological Survey yase-US, ihlabathi elingu-aluminium elingu-2010 elaliyi-China, eRashiya, naseKhanada.
Izicelo
Izicelo zeAluminium zininzi kakhulu ukuba ziluhlu, kwaye ngenxa yezinto ezizodwa zophando abaphandi bafumana izicelo ezintsha rhoqo.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-aluminium kunye nama-alloys amaninzi asetyenziswa kumashishini amakhulu amathathu; ukuthutha, ukupakisha kunye nokwakhiwa.
I-Aluminium, kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo kunye ne-alloys, ibaluleke kakhulu kwizakhiwo zesakhiwo (amaqonga kunye nemizimba) yeenqwelo, imoto, izitimela kunye nezikebhe. I-70% yeenqwelo-moya ezithile zorhwebo ziquka i-aluminiy alloys (kulinganiswa ngesisindo). Ingaba inxalenye idinga uxinzelelo okanye ukuxhatshazwa kwe-corrosion, okanye ukunyamezela kumaqondo okushisa aphezulu, uhlobo lwe-alloy olusetyenzisiweyo luxhomekeka kwimimiselo yecandelo ngalinye inxalenye.
Phantse i-20% yazo zonke i-aluminium eziveliswayo zisetyenziswe kwizixhobo zokupakisha. Iphoyilethi ye-aluminium yindawo efanelekileyo yokupakisha yokutya ngenxa yokuba ayiyona into enobuthi, ngelixa liyimpawu ezifanelekileyo zokuvelisa iimveliso zamakhemikhali ngenxa ye-reactivity yayo ephantsi kwaye ayinakukwazi ukukhanya, amanzi kunye ne-oksijini. E-US kuphela, malunga neenkulungwane eziyi-100 zezilwanyana ze-aluminium zithunyelwa minyaka yonke. Ingaphezulu kwesiqingatha sale ekugqibeleni iphinda isetyenziswe kwakhona.
Ngenxa yokuhlala kwayo kunye nokuxhathisa ukubola, malunga ne-15% ye-aluminium eyenziwa ngonyaka ngamnye isetyenziswe kwizicelo zokwakha. Oku kubandakanya iifestile kunye neminyango yomnyango, ukuphahla, ukukhahlela, nokuqulunqwa kwezakhiwo, kunye neendonga, iifestile kunye neengcango zegaraji.
I- conductivity yamandla kagesi e -Aluminium ivumela ukuba isebenze kwimigca yokuqhuba umgama omde. Ukuqiniswa ngetsimbi, i-aluminiy alloys yindleko ephezulu kunezobhedu kunye nokunciphisa ukuguquka ngenxa yobunzima bayo.
Ezinye izicelo ze-aluminium zibandakanya iigobolondo kunye nokushisa kwe-heat for electronics, izibonda zokukhanyisa izitalato, i-oli rig top-izakhiwo, ii-windows ezigqoke i-aluminium, izitya zokupheka, iibhola ze-baseball kunye nezixhobo zokukhusela.
Imithombo:
Street Street, Arthur. Kunye no-Alexander, WO-1944. Amanzi kwiNkonzo yoMntu . Udidi lwe-11 (1998).
USGS. Iimveliso zeMineral Summaries: Aluminium (2011). http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/aluminium/