Iinqwelo zokuhlamba ziza kwiifom ezahlukeneyo. Iifowuni ze-fuse, izixhobo zogesi, ii-detonators ezingekho zombane, kunye ne-detonators ze-elektroniki ziintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezonononi ongazifumana kwimarike.
Fuse Caps
Ukuqulunqwa kwezizukulwana ezilandelelanayo zefusethi zijolise ekuphenduleni ukutshabalalisa kwingozi kweemveliso eziqhutyelwa ngexesha lokuqwalaselwa. Ukhuseleko lwabancinci luhlala lulunye lweenjongo eziphambili ekuphuhliseni izesekeli zesebe.
I-powder emnyama kuthiwa yintetho yaseTshayina, isetyenziswe njengomsebenzi wokuqhumisa umlilo, ovela kwiikhulu zokuqala zexesha lethu. Nangona kusetyenziswe i-powder-black-fire "kwiimfazwe zamandulo, i-1380 yinto eyaziwayo ngokuqhelekileyo yokufundwa kokuqala kwipowder emnyama. UMonk waseFrancis waseFrancis, uBerldld Schwarts waqulunqa isibhamu kwi-antitic formula. Ukusetyenziswa kokuqala kwe powder omnyama kwi-rock blasting ku-1627, eHungary.
Isantya sokutshisa esingathembekiyo senza ukuba i-powder emnyama ibe yingozi kakhulu kwaye ibangela izingozi ezininzi.
Ukutshabalalisa okunobungozi kwachithwa ngowe-1831 ngokusungulwa kwe "Fuse Safety Minus" kaWilliam Bickford, intambo eneentambo zentambo ebanjwe ngompu omnyama.
U-Ascanio Sobrero wakhiqiza i-nitroglycerin ngo-1846. I-nitrolycerin yinto yokuqala yokufumanisa iqhuma kunamandla kunompu omnyama.
Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwintsimi kusenokuba yingozi ngakumbi ukusa ngowe-1863 xa uAlfred Nobel evula "i-detonator" yayo: iplagi yokhuni yompu omnyama ifakwa kwi-nitroglycerin yamanzi, efakwe kwigobolondo yensimbi. Ngo-1865, uNobel yavelisa i-mercury blasting cap ebonisa ukunciphisa kakhulu iindleko zokuvelisa kwaye ngenxa yoko yabangela ukuba isasazeke kulo lonke ishishini.
Ukunciphisa kakhulu, iiferethi ze-fuse zisasetyenziswa kakhulu namhlanje kwimbonini yezimayini, ngokukodwa kumazwe asakhulayo. Iifowuni ze-Fuse nazo, ngokuyilo, ezingenakukhathazeka kwimimandla ye-electromagnetic.
Abahloli beMbane
Iiprototypes zokuqala zamacononers zisebenzisa umbane njengomthombo wamandla wokuqala wamandla avela ngasekupheleni kwee-1880.
Amashishini okuqhawula umbane afana neefowuni zefusethi, kodwa ngeenombane zombane zombane ezijikelezayo ezivela kwiphepha elinye, endaweni yefusi.
Izixhobo zokuqala zombane zenziwa kuqala. Ngowe-1868, uHulius Julius waselungelo lobuchwepheshe obukhuselekileyo kunye nekhuselekileyo, evumela ukutshabalalisa umxube we-mercury ozalisekileyo, intambo ye-platinum bridge, kunye ne-sulfur plug.
Ukufakwa kwesikolo sokubambezeleka kwee-powder kuvumela ukufakwa kwezibonisi zokulibaziseka zangaphambili ezicwangcisiweyo.
Le teknoloji ivumela ukukhutshwa phakathi kweentlawulo ezimbini ezilandelelanayo, ngoko ke, ukudalwa kweendlela zokuqalisa, ukuvulwa kweengcango kuma-shots alawulwayo kodwa ukukhawulelwa kwinani elihlanganisiweyo lokuhlanganiswa. Amacononisi okubambezeleka kwesiqingatha sesibini abonakala ekuqaleni kwee-1900, ngelixa i-millisecond i-detonators yokulibazisa ifike kwiimarike ngo-1943.
Amacononti kagesi azivala ukushisa, ukutshitshiswa, ugesi omile, amandla omsakazo omsakazo, kunye nombane we-electromagnetic radiation.
Abahloli beMbane
Iinkqubo zokuqala ezingekho zombane, apho umthombo wokuqalisa uvela kumatshini wokutshitshiswa, zaveliswa kuma-1960s nguDyno Nobel. Izixhobo zokungabonakali zombane zithengisa iimarike ngowe-1973, zinika zonke iingenelo zokuqaliswa kombane kodwa zongeza iinkonzo zokhuseleko (ukungabikho kombane kumbane, i-radio frequency energy, kunye ne-radiation electromagnetic radiation) kunye nokuguquguquka okubanzi kokusebenza (kulula ukuyila ukulandelelanisa okubanzi, inani elingenamkhawulo lokulibaziseka).
Le nkqubo yokuqalisa iqulunqwa ngamatye adibeneyo axhunyiwe kuma-detonators angena phantsi-nendawo kunye nezixhumi. Nangona isambatho sabo se-powders esebenzayo kwaye sibulela ku-starter, ama-tubs a tshi ntshiselwa ukutshitshisa amaza angenawo ugesi. Ukuqhagamshela kwintsimi kukuthi "ukutshitshiswa kwamanzi," ukucinga ukutshitshiswa kwamanzi kunjengamanzi, ukujikeleza kwiphubhu ukusuka kwidonator ukuya kwelinye.
Izixhobo zokungabikho zombane zisetyenziswa kakhulu, kwihlabathi jikelele. I-United States ibesihlala enye yeemarike ezinkulu kulolu hlobo lwababoni.
I-Detonators
Izixhobo zombane zenziwe kwihlabathi lokuqalisa umbane ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1960. Ukwandisa ubungakanani bebhodi nganye kuphendulela isicwangciso-mali kwiimakethe zokuqala, kuba izixhobo zogesi zikwazi ukukhuphisana nama-detonators angatshatswanga.
Uphuhliso lwekhompyutheni lwenza ukuba kusetyenziswe umatshini wokutshatyalaliswa ngokulandelelana. Umatshini wokutshatyalaliswa ngokulandelelana unikela ngokugqithiselekayo kwikhompyutha yamanqanaba athile kwintambo yeenkutha, ukwandisa ngokukhawuleza inani eliphezulu lamacononimandla kagesi amaxhumo angakwazi ukudibanisa, ngoko ke ukwandisa inani lokuhlanganiswa.
Ngama-1990, ukunyuka kwe-miniaturization yamacandelo e-elektronike kwazala ingcamango entsha: ukusebenzisa iwashi ye-elektroniki ukubuyisela into yokulibaziseka ye-pyrotechnical (powder) eyenza ukungacaciswanga kwezixhobo zogesi.
Ukususela ngo-1990 ukuya ku-2000, uphando olukhulu kunye nophuhliso lwentsebenzo luqhutywe ngabalingisi abaninzi ukuphuhlisa izixhobo zokucwangcisa ezenziwe ngaphambili okanye ezicwangcisiweyo. Izixhobo ze-electronicon detonators ezicwangcisiweyo zimelela phambili kwilogiki, zinikeza ukuguquguquka okumangalisayo ekukhethweni kwexesha lokuqalisa. Oku kuguquguquka kunye nokuchaneka okulawulwa ngogesi kuvula iingcambu zokulibaziseka ezimfutshane ukulandelelaniswa kokuqhelaniswa okuye kwabonisa izibonelelo ezintle (ukunciphisa ubunzima, ukunyuka kwemveliso) kubachaphazelekayo bamayini. Izixhobo zesofthiwe zee-software zezifaniso ziye zaphuhliswa ukuze kuncedwe iinjineli zeemayini ukujongana nenani elininzi lamathuba kwi-design of their shots.
Nangona kuthengiswa kwexabiso lemarike ephezulu, i-detonators ye-electronics isasazeka kwi-market nakwi-2000. Ukuhlanganiswa okunamandla kunye nesigaba sokufumanisa kuye kwabangela ukunyamalala kwenxalenye enkulu yabakhiqizi. Ngamhla, ngabavelisi aba-5 okanye aba-6 kuphela abahlala besebenza kule shishini.
Inqaku ngalinye lingahlelwe kuphela ngumshini walo owenzelwe ngokutsha. Ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zonxibelelwano, akukho nanye kula matshini angasetyenziselwa ukuqalisa amanqaku amaninzi e-detonators. Ngenxa yoko, akukho nanye yale mikhiqizo ingaxutywa kwisibhozo esisodwa.
Umshini wokuqala wokungabikho kwentambo ungabonakaliswa kwimarike ngo-2000, ukuvumela ukuqaliswa kwezihlwele ezinkulu kumgama okhuselekileyo. Ukuqaliswa kwentambo engenazintlu kuye kwaba ngumgangatho osemgangathweni.
Iimonononi zee-elektroniki zisekelwe kwi-wiring yombane ukuqhuba umbane wamandla wokuqala. I-ORICA iMining Services, umvelisi we-wireless detonator evezwe ngasekuqaleni kuka-2011, wenza ngathi ngoku kuphelisa ngobuthakathaka bokusebenza (ukukhutshwa kwamandla, ukufutshane, ukuchithwa, ukukhathazeka kwe-electromagnetic) kwaye ngoko kwandisa ukhuseleko kunye nokuzuza kwam.
Iza kuqhubeka!