Fumana ulwazi kwiMbali, Ukuveliswa, Izicelo zale Nsimbi ye-Soft
Insimbi yeDysprosium iyinxalenye yomhlaba engabonakaliyo, isisitye esineqabileyo esisisityebi (REE) esetyenziswe kumagnet okusisigxina ngenxa yamandla ayo epagnetic and durability.
Iipropati
- I-Atomic Symbol: Dy
- Inomic Number: 66
- Udidi lwe-Element: i-Lanthanide yinyithi
- Ubunzima be-Atom: 162.50
- I-Melting Point: 1412 ° C
- Indawo yokubilisa: 2567 ° C
- Ubungakanani: 8.551g / cm 3
- UVickers Ubunzima: 540 MPa
Iimpawu
Nangona zizinzile emoyeni kumaqondo aphezulu, i-dysprosium yinyithi iya kusabela ngamanzi abandayo kwaye ichithwe ngokukhawuleza ngokudibanisa nama-acids.
Kwi-hydrofluoric acid, nangona kunjalo, inhlabathi engaqhelekanga yensimbi iya kuba yindawo ekhuselekileyo ye-dysprosium fluoride (DyF 3 ).
Isicelo esisisityebi, esisilivere esineziliva, sisesigxina esigxina. Oku kubangelwa ukuba i-dysprosium ecocekileyo i-paramagnetic ngokugqithiseleyo -93 ° C (-136 ° F), ithetha ukuba ithandwa kumasimandla kwiindawo ezininzi zokushisa.
Kanye ne-holmium, i-dysprosium nayo inexesha elona liphezulu lamandla (amandla kunye nesikhokelo sokutsala okubangelwa yintsimi yamagnetic) nayiphi na into.
Ukushisa okuphezulu kwe-Dysprosium kunye necandelo le-cross-absorption ye-neutron kwakhona livumela ukuba lisetyenziswe kwiintonga zokulawula i-nyukliya.
Ngoxa i-dysprosium iya kutshaya umatshini ngaphandle kokukhawuleza, ayinakuthengiswa ngezorhwebo njengetsimbi ecocekileyo okanye kwi- alloys yesakhiwo.
Njengamanye ama-lanthanide (okanye ayingqabileyo yomhlaba), i-dysprosium idla ngokuqhelekileyo inxulumene nemizimba yamatye kunye nezinye izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba.
Imbali
Umpempi waseFransi uPaul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbadran waqala ukubona i-dysprosium njengento emelekileyo ngo-1886 ngelixa ehlalutya i-erbium oxide.
Ukubonakalisa ubunjani obusondeleyo be-REEs, u-Boisbaudran ekuqaleni wayephanda i-yttrium oxide engcolileyo, apho avula khona i-erbium kunye ne-terbium esebenzisa i-acid kunye ne-ammonia.
I-erbium oxide, ngokwayo, yafunyanwa ukuba ihlala kunye nezinye izinto, i-holmium, ne-thulium.
Njengo-de Boisbaudran wayesebenza ekhaya lakhe, iziqalo zaqala ukuzityhila njengamadola aseRashiya, kwaye emva kokulandelana kwe-asidi engama-32 kunye ne-26 ammonia imvula yamanzi, u-Boisbaudran wakwazi ukuchonga i-dysprosium njengento ekhethekileyo. Wabiza igama elitsha emva kwegama lesiGrike elithi dysprositos , elithetha 'nzima ukufumana'.
Iifom ezona zicocekileyo zilungiselelwe ngo-1906 nguGeorges Urbain, ngelixa iifom ehlambulukileyo (ngokwemilinganiselo yanamhlanje) yelungu ayilwanga kuze kube ngo-1950, emva kokuphuhliswa kokuhlukana kwamanye amazwe kunye neendlela zokunciphisa i-metallographic by Frank Harold Spedding, uphayona lophando lwehlabathi olungabonakaliyo, kunye neqela lakhe kwiLebhu ye-Ames.
I-Laboratory ye-Ames, kunye ne-Laboratory ye-Naval Ordnance Laboratory, yayiyinxalenye ephambili ekuphuhliseni enye yezindlela zokuqala ezisetyenziswayo kwi-dysprosium, i-Terfenol-D. Izinto eziphezulu zenziwa uphando ngexesha lee-1970 kunye neentengiso kuma-1980s ukuze zisetyenziswe kwi-sonars yamanzi, i-magneto-mechanical sensors, i-actuators, kunye ne-transducers.
Ukusetyenziswa kweDysprosium kwiimakethe ezitshatyalalanayo kwandiswa kunye nokudalwa kwe-neodymium- ironon (borF (BNB) magnet kule minyaka yama-1980. Uphando olwenziwa yiGeneral Motors kunye neSumutomo Special Metals lukhokelela ekudalweni kweenguqu ezincinci, ezithengiweyo zamagesi okuqala angasisigxina (i-samarium- cobalt ), eye yaveliswa iminyaka engama-20 ngaphambili.
Ukongezwa kwee-3 ukuya kuma-6 ekhulwini i-dysprosium (ngesisindo) kwi-alF magnetic alloy yandisa i-Curie iphuzu le-magnet kunye nokunyaniseka, ngaloo ndlela, ukuphucula ukuzinza nokusebenza kumaqondo aphezulu ngelixa iyanciphisa ukuthengwa kwemali.
Iimfethe ze-NdFeB ngoku ziyimilinganiselo kwizicelo zeekhompyutheni kunye neenjini zombane ze-hybrid.
I-REEs, kubandakanya i-dysprosium, yaxhaswa kwi-media media spotlight ngo-2009 emva kwemida kwizinto zesiTshayina eziphuma ngaphandle kwezinto ezikhokelela ekunikezeni iincinci kunye nomdla-zimali kwizinyithi. Oku ke kwakhokelela ekunyuseni kwamanani kunye nokutyalomali okubalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwemithombo ekhoyo.
U ku velisa
Ukuqwalaselwa kweendaba zakutsha nje ngokuhlola ukuxhomekeka kwehlabathi jikelele kwi-REE ukuvelisa kubonakala ngokugqithiseleyo ukuba ilizwe lilandele i-90% ye-REE yokuvelisa ihlabathi jikelele.
Nangona iindidi zeerhafti, eziquka i-monazite kunye ne-bastnasite, ingaba ne-dysprosium, imithombo enepesenti ephezulu ye-dysprosium equlethwe yi-adonorption clays yePhondo laseJiangxi, eChina kunye ne-xenotime ores eSouth China naseMalaysia.
Ngokuxhomekeka kwimihlobo yeeyile, kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa ama-hydrometallurgical usetyenziswe ukuze kukhishwe i-REE nganye. Ukuhamba kwe-Froth kunye nokugcoba kwe-concentrates yindlela eqhelekileyo yokukhupha i-sulfate yomhlaba engaqhelekanga, i-precursor compound ekwazi ukuqhutyelwa ngokutshintshwa kwe-ion exchange. Ion i-dysprosium ions i-stysium i-stysium i-stysium i-stysium i-stysium i-stysium i-dysprosium fluoride.
I-Dysprosium fluoride inokuncitshiswa zibe ingotshi zensimbi ngokufudumala nge-calcium kumaqondo aphezulu kwiindawo eziphambili.
Imveliso yomhlaba wonke ye-dysprosium iyanqamla kwii-titha ezili-1800 zeetriki (iqulethwe i-dysprosium) ngonyaka. Oku kubandakanya kuphela iipesenti ezi-1 zehlabathi ezingabonakaliyo ezicwangcisiweyo ngonyaka.
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo abavelisi bomhlaba abangabonakaliyo kubandakanya iBaotou Steel Rare Earth Hi-Tech Co., iChina Minmetals Corp, kunye ne-Aluminium Corp yaseChina (CHALCO).
Izicelo
Kude, umthengi omkhulu we-dysprosium yimbane yamagnet osigxina. Amagxolo anjalo alawula i-market for a high-efficiency traction motors ezisetyenzisiweyo kwiimoto ezixubekileyo kunye nezombane, ii-generator turbine kunye ne-disk drive.
Cofa apha ukuze ufunde kabanzi malunga nezicelo ze-dysprosium.
Imithombo:
Emsley, uJohn. Izakhiwo zeZakhiwo zokwakha: i-AZ Guide kwiiNyunithi .
I-Oxford University Press; Umshicilelo weNguqulelo Entsha (Septemba 14, 2011)
Arnold Magnetic Technologies. Indima ebalulekileyo yeDysprosium kumaMagnet anaphakade . NgoJanuwari 17, 2012.
I-British Geological Survey. Iindalo zeMhlaba . Novemba 2011.
URL: www.mineralsuk.com
Kingsnorth, Professor uDudley. "Ngaba iNtshonalanga YaseNtshonalanga YaseKhaya ingasinda". INgqungquthela yeCandelo leMigodi kunye neMakethi yeMveliso. Ukunikezelwa: Septemba 24, 2013.
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