Ukujongwa kwi-boron yesinsimbi
I-Boron yinto enzima kakhulu kwaye inokuthi ingabikho yokhuni engaphendukiyo enokuthi ifumaneke kwiifom ezahlukeneyo kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkomfa ukwenza yonke into ephuma kwi-bleaches kunye neglasi ukuya kuma-semiconductors kunye ne-fertilizers.
Iipropati ze-boron zi:
- I-Atomic Symbol: B
- Inomic Number: 5
- Udidi lwe-Element: i-Metalloid
- Ubuninzi: 2.08g / cm3
- I-Melting Point: 3769 F (2076 C)
- Indawo yokubilisa: 7101 F (3927 C)
- Ubunzima bukaMoh: ~ 9.5
Impawu zeBoron
I-elemental boron yi-allotropic semi-metal, oku kuthetha ukuba loo nto ngokwayo ikhona kwiifom ezahlukeneyo, ngasinye sinempahla kunye nemikhemikhali yayo. Kwakhona, njengamanye amashishini asezantsi (okanye i-metalloids), ezinye iipropati ze-boron zinyaneko kwimeko kanti ezinye zifana neensimbi.
Ukuhlambuluka ngokugqithiseleyo kwebhodi kubakho njengobomvu obumnyama obunobumba obumnyama okanye isinyithi somnyama, esibhakabhaka, nesibhakabhaka.
Ngokugqithisileyo kwaye kunqabile ukushisa, i-boron ngumqhubi ompofu kagesi kumaqondo aphantsi aphantsi, kodwa oku kuguquka njengoko kushushu ukushisa. Ngelixa i-crystalline boron izinzile kwaye ingasasebenzi kakuhle ngama-acids, i-amorphous version iyancipha i-oxyidizes emoyeni kwaye iyakwazi ukusabela ngokukhawuleza kwi-asidi.
Ngefestile ye-crystalline, i-boron yowesibili inzima kunazo zonke izinto (emva kwekhabhoni kuphela kwifomu yayo yedayimane) kwaye enye yezinga eliphezulu lokushisa. Kuyafana nekhabhoni, apho abaphandi bokuqala bahlala behlula i-element, i-boron iifom ezinxulumene nezibophelelo ezizinzileyo ezenza kube nzima ukuzihlukanisa.
Inombolo yesihlanu ye-Element inekhono lokufumana inani elikhulu le-neutron, okwenza ibe yinto efanelekileyo yeentonga zokulawula iikhamphani.
Uphando olutsha luye lwabonisa ukuba xa iphosi ephezulu, i-boron ifom ekhoyo isakhiwo se-atom esahlukileyo esivumela ukuba senze njenge-superconductor.
Imbali kaBoron
Ngoxa ukufunyanwa kwe-boron kubonakala kwiingcali zombini zesiFrentshi kunye nesiNgesi kuphando lweemayini ze-borate ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, kukholelwa ukuba isampuli ecocekileyo yento ayizange ifakwe ngo-1909.
Amaminerali aseBoron (ahlala ebizwa ngokuba yi-borates), nangona kunjalo, sele esetyenziswe ngabantu ngeenkulungwane. Ukusetyenziswa kokuqala kwe-borax (ngokwemvelaphi eyenzeka nge-borate ye-borate) yenziwe ngabenzi begolide be-Arabia abasebenzisa i-compound njenge-flux yokucoca igolide nesilivere ngekhulu le-8 AD
Iiglazi kwiitriyam zesiTshayina ezivela phakathi kwekhulu lesi-3 nele-10 AD ziye zaboniswa ukuba zisebenzise i-compound eyenzekayo.
Ukusetyenziswa kwamhlanje kweBoron
Ukuveliswa kweglasi ye-borosilicate egxininiswayo ye-borosilicate ngasekupheleni kwe-1800 kwanikezela umthombo omtsha wokufuna iiminerali ze-borate. Ukusebenzisa le teknoloji, iCorning Glass Works yazisa i-Pyrex glassware cookware ngo-1915.
Kwiminyaka emva kwempi, izicelo ze-boron zakhula zibandakanya ulwahlulo lwamashishini. I-nitride yeBoron yaqala ukusetyenziswa kwiimveliso zeJapan, kwaye ngo-1951, kwindlela yokuvelisa i-boron fibers. Izixhobo zokuqala zenyukliya, ezaza ku-intanethi ngeli xesha, nazo zasebenzisa i-boron kwiindonga zazo zokulawula.
Kwixesha elikhawulezayo lentlekele yenyukliya yaseChernobyl ngo-1986, ii-40 zeetrokoni ze-boron zatshitshiswa kwi-reactor ukwenzela ukukunceda ukulawula ukukhishwa kwe-radionuclide.
Ekuqaleni kwee-1980, ukuphuhliswa kwamagxolo omhlaba angaqhelekanga okungaqhelekanga kwakha i-market entsha entsha.
Iimitha ezili-70 zeetrimet ze-neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) ziyakhutshwa minyaka yonke ukuze zisetyenziswe kuyo yonke into ukusuka kwiimoto zombane ukuya kwi-headphones.
Ngasekupheleni kwee-1990, i-boron yentsimbi yaqala ukusetyenziswa kwiimoto ukuqinisa izixhobo zecandelo, njengemivalo yokukhusela.
Ukuveliswa kweBoron
Nangona iingubo ezingaphezu kwe-200 zeemayini ze-borate zikhoyo kwihlabathi, i-akhawunti enye kuphela engama-90 ekhulwini lwe-boron ne-boron: i-tincal, kernite, colemanite kunye ne-ulexite.
Ukuvelisa uhlobo olulungekileyo lwe-boron powder, i-boron oxide ekhoyo kwi-mineral ishushu i-magnesium okanye i-aluminium. Ukuncitshiswa kuvelisa i-powal element boron powder e malunga nama-92 ekhulwini.
I-boron echanekileyo inokuveliswa ngokunciphisa i-boron halides ne-hydrogen kumaqondo okushisa ngaphezulu kwe-1500 C (2732 F).
I-high-purity boron, efunekayo ekusebenziseni kwi-semiconductors, ingenziwa ngokutshabalalisa i-diborane kumaqondo aphezulu kunye nokwanda kwamakristal enye ngokusebenzisa i-zone melting okanye indlela yeCzolchralski.
Izicelo zeBoron
Ngexa izigidi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezithandathu zeetrikri zeemaminerari zine-boron zichithwa ngonyaka, ininzi yale nto idliwa njenge-borate salts, efana ne-boric acid kunye ne-boron oxide, encinci iguqulelwe kwi-boron e-elementary. Enyanisweni, kuphela iitoni ezili-15 zeetonal elemental ezidliwayo kunyaka ngamnye.
Ububanzi bokusetyenziswa kwe-boron ne-boron i-compound bukhulu kakhulu. Ezinye ziqikelela ukuba kukho ukusetyenziswa okugqityiweyo kokuphela kwe-300 kwento kwiindlela zayo ezahlukeneyo.
Iintlobo ezihlanu ezisetyenziswayo kukuba:
- I-Glass (umz., Iglasi ye-borosilicate egesi)
- IiCeramics (umz.
- Izolimo (umz., I-boric acid kwi-fertilizer).
- Izigulane (umzekelo, i-sodium perborate kwindawo yokuhlamba impahla)
- Iibleji (umz., Ukukhupha izitshizi zasekhaya kunye nezimboni)
Izicelo zeBergon Metallurgical
Nangona i-boron yensimbi isetyenziswa kakhulu, ixabiso lixabiseke kakhulu kwizicelo ezininzi ze-metallurgical. Ngokususa i-carbon kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo njengoko zibophelelwe kwiitrari, ubuncinane be-boron-kuphela iindawo ezimbalwa kwisigidi-ezongeziweyo kwi-iron zingenza ukuba zibe namandla amane ngaphezu kwesinyithi esinezinga eliphezulu.
Ikhono lequmrhu lokutshatyalaliswa nokususa ifilimu yensimbi yensimbi yenza ukuba kube lula ukuhambisa ama-flux. I-boron trichloride isusa i-nitrides, i-carbides, kunye ne-oxide kwisitye esityhidiweyo. Ngenxa yoko, i-boron trichloride isetyenziselwa ukwenza i-aluminium, i-magnesium, i-zinc kunye ne-alloys zethusi.
Kwi-metallurgy powder, ubukho bentsimbi buya kukwandisa ukuqhuba nokusebenza ngamandla. Kwiimveliso eziqhumayo, ubukho babo bunyuse ukuxhatshazwa kobuthakathaka kunye nobunzima, ngelixa i-titane alloys esetyenzisiweyo kwiifom ze-jet kunye ne-turbine parts boride zinyusa amandla.
Iibhondi zeBoron, ezenziwe ngokufaka i-hydride element kwi-tungsten wire, zichanekileyo, zixhobo ezibonakalayo ezifanelekileyo ukusetyenziswa kwezicelo ze-aerospace, kunye neeklabhu zegalufu kunye ne-tape high-tensile.
Ukubandakanywa kwe-boron kwi-Magnet ye-NdFeB kubaluleke kakhulu kumsebenzi wamaganethi angasigxina aphezulu asetyenziswa kwiimvaneli zomoya, ama-motors kagesi kunye nohlobo olubanzi lwe-electronics.
Ukugqithisa kwe-Boron malunga ne-neutron ukuxhoma kukuvumela ukuba isetyenziswe kwizixhobo zokulawula iikhamyliya, iikhompyutha kunye ne-neutron detectors.
Ekugqibeleni, i-boron carbide, into eyaziwayo yesithathu ekhuni kakhulu, isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweempahla ezahlukileyo kunye neenqwelo zezibhengezo kunye ne-abrasives kunye nezixhobo zokugqoka.
Imithombo:
Chemicool. Boron
URL: http://www.chemicool.com/elements/boron.html
USGS. Iinkcukacha zeMaminerali. Boron
URL: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/boron/