Iimigodi eziphezulu zivelisa malunga neepesenti ezingama-40 zobhedu behlabathi
Ubhedu obuninzi behlabathi obungama-20 buvelisa ubuninzi beetrikriyoni ezili-9 zeetrikhi zetsimbi enqwenelekayo ngonyaka, malunga neepesenti ezingama-40 zezakhono zamatye ehlabathi jikelele. I-Chile kunye ne-Peru, yodwa, khawunti malunga nesiqingatha seemigodi zobhedu kuloluhlu, kodwa i-US yenza iinqununu, kunye nemigodi ephakathi kwe-20 ephezulu.
I-Copper ibiza kakhulu kum kwaye ihlambulule. Iindleko eziphezulu zokuxhaswa kwemali enkulu kubonakaliswa kwimiba ezisixhenxe zeemigodi ezilishumi eziphezulu zinobambiswano elinemibutho emikhulu yezimayini. Nangona iindleko eziphezulu zemveliso, iibhonsi zeemibhobho zihlala ziphendula malunga nama-80 ekhulwini weemveliso zethusi ezihlambulukileyo ngonyaka. Iipesenti ezingama-20 eziseleyo zivela kwimithombo yezinto ezihlaziyiweyo.
Uluhlu olungezantsi luqulunqwe kwiSizwe seCopper Study Group sika- World Copper Factbook 2017 . Ngaphandle kwegama ngalinye lemizi yileli lizwe elikuyo kunye nomlinganiselo walo wokuvelisa ngonyaka kwiiklotoni. Iitoni zeetriki zilingana nama-2 200. I-kiloton yeetrikri (kt) iyinkulungwane yamathani emitha.
01 Escondida - Chile (1.27 Kt)
I-Escondida yam yobhedu e-Atacama yenkangala yaseChile ibanjwe kunye neBHP Billiton (iipesenti ezingama-57,5), iRio Tinto Corp (iipesenti ezingama-30), kunye ne-Japan Escondida (i-12.5%). Ii-akhawunti ezinkulu ze-Escondida zeemali ezi-5 ekhulwini zeemveliso zethusi zepiliti yehlabathi jikelele. Igolide kunye nesilivere zithathwa njenge-by-products ukusuka kwi-ore.
02 Grasberg - Indonesia (750 Kt)
Imayini yaseGrasberg, ephakamileyo kwiphondo lase-Indonesia yasePapua, iyona mihlaba yeyona golide enkulu yehlabathi kunye neyesibini kubuncinci. Eqhutywe yi-PT Freeport Indonesia Co., i-mine yintsebenziswano phakathi kwe-Freeport McMoRan (iipesenti ezingama-90.64) kunye noRhulumente wase-Indonesian (iipesenti eziyi-9.36).
03 I-Morenci - USA (520 Kt)
Imayini yaseMorenci eArizona iyona mininzi yamatye eNorth America. Eqhutywe ngu-Freeport McMoRan, loo mgo ihlanganiswe yinkampani (ama-85 ekhulwini) kunye ne-Sumitomo Abalingane (iipesenti ezili-15). I-Morenci ivulelwe ukusebenza ngowe-1872 kwaye ngoku iyenziwe ngamabhobho emigodi emithathu.
04 Buenavista del Cobre (510 Kt)
I-Buenavista, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Cananea yam yobhedu, e-Sonora, eMexico, ngowona mhlaba wubuninzi obhedu obuninzi. Umgodi ovulekileyo uqulethe izigidi ezingama-27 zeetrikri zeetyhuna.
Evuliwe ngowe-1899, i-Cananea yenye yeemigodi ezindala kakhulu ezivulekileyo eMntla-Melika kwaye okwangoku kwaye iqhutywe yi-Southern Copper Corporation (SCC), incediso yeGrupo Mexico.
05 Cerro Verde II - Peru (500 Kt)
I-Cerro Verde yam yechumlo, esekhilomitha ezili-20 kumzantsi-ntshona we Arequipa ePeru Umgodi ovulekileyo uqulethe i-12.9 yezigidi zeetrikoni zeetoni ezifumanekayo.
I-Cerro Verde isebenze ukususela ngowe-1976. I-Freeport-McMoRan (FCX), ebambe inzala ye-53.56 yepesenti, ngumqhubi wemigodi. Abanye abachaphazelekayo baquka i-SMM Cerro Verde eNetherlands, incediso ye-Sumitomo Metal (iipesenti ezingama-21), i-Compañia de Minas Buenaventura (i-19.58 ekhulwini), kunye nabanini-masheya karhulumente (ama-5,86 ekhulwini).
06 Collahuasi - Chile (454 Kt)
Umzi wesibini obuninzi webhubhu, uCollahuasi, ngumnini we-Anglo American (iipesenti ezingama-44), uGlencore (44 ipesenti), kunye noMitsui + Nippon (iipesenti ezili-12). Imayini yaseClalaas yenza i-copper concentrate kunye ne-cathodes kunye ne- molybdenum . Uninzi lwegxininiso oluveliswe eCollahuasi lithengiswa kubatshisi baseChina ukuze bahlaziye ngokuqhubekayo.
07 Antamina - Peru (450 Kt)
I-Antamina ye-copper-zinc mine isekhilomitha ezili-170 kumntla weLima. Isiliva, i- bismuth , i-molybdenum, kunye nekhotha nayo ihlukaniswe ne-ore eyenziwa e-Antamina. I-BHP Billiton (amaphesenti angama-33.75), iTeck (iipesenti ezingama-22,5), iGlencore (ama-33,75 ekhulwini), kunye ne-Mitsubishi Corp (iipesenti ezili-10), i-mine ihlelwe ukuyeka ukuvelisa ngo-2019.
08 Las Bambas - Peru (450)
I-Las Bambas ine-mineral reserves ye-7.2 yezigidi zeetrikri zeetoni kunye nezinto ezimbiwa ngamaminerali ezili-12.6 yezigidi zeetrikri. Abaqhubi bamashishini balinganise ukuba kwiminyaka ezayo, ngaphezu kwe-2 yezigidi zeetrikri zeethusi ziya kukhutshwa kwi-concentrate.
Abaqhubi bamashishini babefanele bathathe iitoni ezingama-75 zeempahla ngo-2014 ngaphambi kokuba baqalise ukusebenza kwemigodi. Baqikelela ukuba umsebenzi we-Las Bambas uza kudlula iminyaka engaphezu kwe-20 ukususela ekungeneni kwawo ukuhlola; Iipesenti ezili-10 kuphela zepropati sele zihlolwe kwangoku.
09 I-Polar Division (i-Norilsk / Talnakh Mills) - iRashiya (450 Kt)
Inje isebenza njengenxalenye yeCandelo lePollar of MMC Norilsk Nickel . Efumaneka eSiberia, awufuni ukusebenzela apha ngaphandle kokuba uthande kakhulu ukubanda. Umgodi we- nickel wangaphantsi waqala ukuveliswa kwiminyaka ye-1930 kwaye ungumthombo we- cobalt , igolide, isilivere, kunye ne- platinum yeessimbi zetsimbi , kwakunye nezobhedu.
10 El Teniente - Chile (432 Kt)
Ummandla omkhulu kumhlaba ongaphantsi komhlaba, u-El Teniente, ufumaneka kwi-Andes yaseChile ephakathi. Eyakhe kwaye iqhutywe nguMzantsi Afrika waseChileelco, u-El Teniente uye wachithwa ukusuka ngekhulu le-19 kwaye ngoku iqulethwe ngeekhilomitha ezili-1,500 zamanxiwa.
11 Los Bronces - eChile (410 Kt)
Kwakhona e-Chile, i-mine yaseLos Bronces ihlangene kunye ne-Anglo American (iipesenti ezingama-75.5) kunye ne-Mitsubishi Corp (iipesenti ezingama-24,5). Iprojekthi yokwandisa i-2.5-billion yezigidi-egqityiwe ngo-2012-yandise amandla omgangatho kwinqanaba elikhoyo langaphezulu kweetani ezingama-400 000 ngonyaka.
12 Los Pelambres - eChile (400 Kt)
Kutholakala kwingingqi yeChile yeChile, i-Los Pelambres yomgodi yintsebenziswano phakathi kwe-Antofagasta Plc (iipesenti ezingama-60), i-Nippon Mining (iipesenti ezingama-25), kunye ne-Mitsubishi Materials (iipesenti eziyi-15). Ngamazinga aphakathi kwama-0.6 ekhulwini obhedu, umgodi uvelisa ubhedu kunye ne-molybdenum ngokugxininisa ngenkxaso yegolide kunye nesilivere.
13 I-Chuquicamata - eChile (350 Kt)
I-Codelco kaRhulumente waseChile inomniniyo kwaye usebenza kwi-Codelco Norte (okanye iChuquicamata) yomgodi wobhedu enyakatho yeChile. Umgodi omkhulu kumhlaba wonke ovulekile, i-Chuquicamata sele isebenza iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu ukuvelisa ithusi ecocekileyo kunye ne-molybdenum.
14 Radomiro Tomic - Chile (330 Kt)
I-Radomiro Tomic yam yobhedu, esiseNtabeni yaseAtacama esenyakatho yeChile, ngowona wesibhozo kunobuninzi bezobhedu kwihlabathi. Umgodi ovulekileyo uqulethe izigidi ezili-12 zeetrikri zeethusi zobhedu.
Umsebenzi wokwakha we-Radomiro Tomic Copper Sulphide Mine Phase Ndagqitywa ngoJuni 2010 nge-investor eyi-370 yezigidi. Inkqubo yokuxhoboza ifakwe njengenxalenye yale nqanaba, ukukhwela kwiiyunithi ezingama-100 000 ze-sulfide ore ngosuku ukusuka kwimizi ukuya kwisityalo se-concentrator esiseChuquicamata.
I-Sentinel-Zambia (300 Kt)
Ukwakhiwa kobhedu lwe-Sentinel kwagqitywa ngo-2014, kwaye i-mine yaqalisa ukuvelisa ubhedu ekuqaleni kuka-2015. Isixhobo sokuthunyelwa kweStinel sinesilinganiselo sokuguqula izigidi ezingama-55 zeetriyari ze-ore ngonyaka, kubandakanya malunga ne-50 ekhulwini.
I-Ore igxothwe ngaphakathi kwaye ihanjiswe ngaphesheya kwaye ifike kwi-ore echotshoziweyo ihamba phambi kweetrayi ezimbini zokugaya, ngasinye siquka i-SAG kill kunye ne-ball eyodwa. Isitimela ngasinye sineebhanki ezintlanu zokuhamba. Ukugqitywa kokugqibela kwi-bakala ye-24 yeepesenti zobhedu kuxoxwa kwaye kuhlonywe kwiziko lokuphatha.
16 iBingham Canyon - USA (280 Kt)
Imayini yaseBingham Canyon, eyaziwa ngokuba yiWennecott Mine Mine, iyimayini evulekile emzantsi-ntshona weSed Lake Lake. I-Bingham ihlupheke "kwiindawo ezininzi ezingaphethiyo-mlilo kwimbali" ngo-2012, ngokweMining.com, kodwa yakhiwa kwakhona kwiinyanga ezili-18 kwaye iphinda ivelise i-280 metric kilotons zethusi ngonyaka. Iimitha eziziithandathu zezilwanyana zokungcola kwafuneka zikhutshwe kwaye iindlela ezintsha zokufikelela ezakhiwa ngaphambi kokuba kuqhutywe imayini.
17 eKansanshi - Zambia (270 Kt)
Ubuninzi bezobhedu e-Afrika, i-Kansanshi inomnini kwaye iqhutywe yi-Kansanshi iMining PLC, eyi-80 ekhulwini ene-subsidiary ye-First Quantum. Iipesenti ezingama-20 ezisele ziphantsi kwe-ZCCM. I-mine itholakala malunga neekhilomitha ezili-6 kumntla weedolophu yaseSolwezi kunye neekhilomitha ezili-112 ukuya ngasentla-ntshona kwidolophu yaseCopolbelt yaseCingola.
18 iToromocho - ePeru (250 Kt)
I-Minera Chinalco i-Peru isebenza kwimigodi yaseToromocho, eseSithili saseMorococha, kwisiFundazwe saseYauli, kwingingqi yaseJunin. Ngokusebenzisa i-geological exploration, abaqhubi beenkampani bafumene indawo yokugcina i-oreji ye-1,526 yezigidi zeetriyiti ze-ore kunye nesilinganiso semitha ye-copper (ye-0.48 pesenti), ibanga eliphakathi kwe-molybdenum (i-0.02 ekhulwini,) kunye nesilivere ka-6.88 amagremu ngetoni.
I-Olympic Dam - i-Australia (225 Kt)
I-Olympic Dam, ene-BHP, i-uranium oxide, ubhedu, igolide kunye nesilivere yam. Eyaziwa ngakumbi nge-uranium-i-mine ineyona ndawo eyaziwayo enye ye-uranium kwiDam yehlabathi-i-Olimpiki iphinda ibeke idiphozi yesibini esona sikhulu. Ukugqithisa iMining BHP uthe phakathi ko-2017 ukuba uceba ukuchitha ii-dollar ezingama-600 zama-Australia (i-462 yezigidigidi) ukubeka isiseko sokwanda kwexesha elide.
20 Mutanda - iRiphablikhi yaseDemocratic Republic of Congo (220 Kt)
Umgodi weMandanda ngumgodi wecuba ovulekileyo kwiPhondo laseKatanga yeDemocratic Republic of Congo. Ngasekuqaleni kuka-2017, uGlencore wathengisa i-31% ekhulwini kwiMandanda Mine ngemali eyi-960 yezigidi. Ngo-2015, uMatanda wakhiqiza i-216,100 yamathani emitha yobhedu-isalathisi esa kwiikhilomitha ezingama-220 ngee-khilomitha ezingama-2016 kunye ne-16,500 yamathani emitha ye-cobalt, ngaphezu kweyiphi enye imayini eCongo. "Ukusebenza kuthathwa njengenye yezinto zokukhula eziphambili zaseGlencore kunye nentsebenzo ephambili e-DRC, ngokubonga kakhulu kumabakala ayo aphezulu kunye neendleko zokunyuka okuphantsi," ngokutsho kweMining.com.