Iipropati
- I-Atomic Symbol: Mo
- Inomic Number: 42
- Udidi lwe-Element: Utshintsho lwesimbi
- Ubunzima: 10.28 g / cm3
- I-Melting Point: 4753 ° F (2623 ° C)
- Indawo yokubilisa: 8382 ° F (4639 ° C)
- Ubunzima bukaMoh: 5.5
Iimpawu
Njengezinye izitratshi ezinokhenkcela , i-molybdenum ineqondo eliphezulu kunye ne-melting point and resistant to heat and wear.
Kwi-2,623 ° C (4,753 ° F), i-molybdenum inomnye wamanqaku aphakame kakhulu kwizinto zetsimbi, ngelixa i-coefficient of expansion thermal enye yezona zinto ziphantsi kwezinto zonke zobunjineli. I-Moly nayo inobungozi obuphantsi.
Ngesinyithi , i-molybdenum inciphisa ubuqili kunye nokuphucula amandla, ukuqina , ukukhuseleka kunye nokuxhatshazwa.
Imbali
Insimbi yaseMolybdenum yayisecaleni kwilabhuriyitha nguPetros Jacob Hjelm ngo-1782. Yayihlala kwiibhubhoratri ezininzi kwiinkulungwane ezizayo kwaze kwaba yilapho inyuselo eyongeziweyo kunye neensimbi zetsimbi zabonisa izakhiwo ze- moly's strengthening units.
Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, isitya seenqwelo zezixhobo zetsimbi zatshintsha i- tungsten kunye ne-molybdenum. Kodwa isicelo sokuqala esikhulu se-moly sasinjenge-additive kwi-tungsten filaments ye-bulb light incandescent, eye ikhula ngexesha elifanayo.
Ukunikezelwa ngokufanelekileyo kwe-tungsten ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I kukhokelela ekukhuleni kwi-molybdenum imfuno yee-steels.
Le mfuno ibangele ukuhlolisiswa kwemithombo emitsha kunye nokufumanisa okulandelayo kwenkomfa yeCommax eColorado ngowe-1918.
Emva kwemfazwe, imfuno yemikhosi iyanqatshwa kodwa ukufika kweshishini elitsha-iimoto - ukwanda kweemfuno zamandla ezinamandla eziqukethe i-molybdenum. Ekupheleni kwee-1930, i-moly yayivunywa ngokubanzi njengezinto zobuchwephesha, i-metallurgical material.
Ukubaluleka kwe-molybdenum kwiivenkile zoshishino kubakho ukuvela njengempahla yokutshala imali ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, kwaye ngowama-2010 i-London Metal Exchange (i-LME) yaqalisa izivumelwano zayo zokuqala ze-molybdenum.
U ku velisa
I-Molybdenum idla ngokuveliswa njenge-co-product yebhesi , kodwa imigodi embalwa yenza i-moly njengemveliso ephambili.
Imveliso yokuqala ye-molybdenum ikhutshwe kuphela kwi-molybdenite, i-sulfide ore, enomxholo we-molybdenum phakathi kwe-0.01 no-0.25%.
Insimbi yaseMolybdenum iveliswa kwi-molybdic oxide okanye i-ammonium molybdate ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yokunciphisa i-hydrogen. Kodwa, ukuze kukhishwe le micimbi ehambelana ne-molybdenite ore, kufuneka iqale ichithwe kwaye ifakwe ukuze ihluke i-sulfide yethusi ukusuka kwi-molybdenite.
I-molybdenum sulphude (MoS2) eyenzekayo igosa phakathi kwe-500-600 C ° (932-1112 F °) ukuvelisa i-molybdenite egxinyiweyo (MoO3, ebizwa ngokuba yi-technical molybdenum concentrate). I-molybdenum egxininisiweyo iqulethe ubuncinane be-57% ye-molybdenum (kwaye ngaphantsi kwe-0.1% yesulfure).
Ukunciphisa i-sublimation ye-concentrate kukhokelela ekwenzeni i-molybdic oxide (MoO3), leyo leyo, ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yokunciphisa i-hydrogen, ivelisa i-molybdenum yerinki.
Kwinqanaba lokuqala, i-MoO3 iyancitshiswa kwi-molybdenum dioxide (MoO2). I-molybdenum dioxide iqhutyelwa nge-tube ye-hydrogen ejikelezayo okanye i-ovary rotation ku-1000-1100 C ° (1832-2012 F °) ukuvelisa i-powder yensimbi.
I-Molybdenum ikhiqizwe njengemveliso yethusi kwi-porphyry deposits, njengeBingham Canyon idibanisa e-Utah, isuswa njenge-disulfate ye-molybdenum ngexesha lokuhamba kwe-powder ore. Ukugxila kugxininiswe ukwenza i-molybdic oxide, engayifakwa kwinkqubo efanayo ye-sublimation ukuvelisa itsimbi ye-molybdenum.
Ngokwezibalo ze-USGS, ukuveliswa kwehlabathi jikelele bekuyi-221,000 itoni ngonyaka ka-2009. Amazwe amakhulu okuvelisa ayengamaChina (93,000MT), i-US (47,800MT), i-Chile (34,900MT) ne-Peru (12,300MT). Iimveliso ezinkulu ze-molybdenum zi-Molymet (eChile), i-Freeport McMoran, i-Codelco, i-Southern Copper ne-Jinduicheng Molybdenum Group.
Izicelo
Ingaphezulu kwesigxina se-molybdenum iveliswe njenge-agent e-alloying kwizakhiwo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezineenqwelomoya .
I-International Molybdenum Association iqikelela ukuba ii-steels account account for 35% yazo zonke iimfuno ze-moly. I-Molybdenum isetyenziswe njengesongezelelo kwizithethi ezakhiweyo ngenxa yokuxhatshazwa kwayo, amandla kunye nokuqina. Ukuba luncedo ngokukhethekileyo ekukhuseleni isinyithi ngokuchithwa kwe-chloridic, ezo zithethi zisetyenziswe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zasemanzini (umz. I-oil rigs), kunye neoli kunye negesi.
I-akhawunti yeefeyile ezingenasici enye i-25% ye-molybdenum imfuno, exabisa amandla ensimbi ukuqinisa nokukhusela ukubola. Phakathi kwezinye izinto ezininzi, ii-steels ezingenasici ezingasetyenzisiweyo zisetyenziselwa ukuxuba imichiza, iikhemikhali kunye ne-pulp kunye neepilisi zamatye, iilori zamatriki, iinqanawa zamanxweme kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwezityalo.
Izitishi ezisezingeni eliphezulu kunye nama-superalloys zisebenzisa i-moly ukuqinisa, ukwandisa ubunzima kunye nokuchasana ukugqoka kunye nokuguqulwa kwamaqondo aphezulu. Izityeli eziphambili zeesantya zisetyenziselwa ukwakha izixhobo zokugaya kunye nokusika, kanti i-superalloys isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweenjini ze-jet, i-turbo, i-turbines yamandla kunye nakwimveliso yamakhemikhali kunye nepetroleum.
Ipesenti encinci ye-moly isetyenziselwa ukwandisa amandla, ubunzima, ukushisa kunye nokunyamezela kwengcinezelo yensimbi kunye nezitishi, ezisetyenzisiweyo kwiimoto zeenqwelo-moya (ngakumbi ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba zenze iintloko zetylinder, iibhloko zeemoto kunye nokukhupha iintlobo ezininzi). Ezi zivumela iinjinjini ukuba zisebenzise ukutshisa kwaye, ngoko, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa.
Isinyithi esiphambili se-molybdenum esetyenzisiweyo sisetyenziswe kwiindawo ezininzi ezivela kwiingubo ze-powder kwiiseli zelanga kunye neengubo ezibonakalayo zembonakalo.
Phantse i-10-15% ye-molybdenum ekhishwe ayipheli kwimveliso yensimbi kodwa isetyenziswe kwiikhemikhali, ngokuqhelekileyo kwizixhobo zokucocwa kwepetroleum.
Imithombo
I-International Molybdenum Association.
USGS. Iimpawu zoMbiwa kweeNkqutyana: iMolybdenum (2011).
UMninimandla woMnxeba wezoTywala. IMolybdenum (ngo-2011).