Iphrofayili yensimbi: Yonke ngeNsimbi

I-Steel, eyona nto ibalulekileyo yokwakha, i-alloy yensimbi equle phakathi kwe-0.2 kunye ne-2 ekhulwini kwekhabhoni ngokulinganisa.

Imbali

Ukufika kwemveliso yensimbi yentengiso ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 kwakubangelwa nguSir Henry Bessemer ukudalwa ngendlela efanelekileyo yokunciphisa umxholo we-carbon kwi-iron cast. Ngokunciphisa inani lekhabhoni insimbi ukuya kuma-2 ekhulwini, umkhiqizo wensimbi onzima kakhulu kwaye ungenakunyakaziswa .

Nangona kunjalo, malunga nembono engu-360 yeMbali yensimbi, kuya kufuneka ubuyele kwiminyaka engama-4 000 ukuya ekuqaleni kwe-Iron Age. I-Steel iye yahlala nathi ixesha elide.

U ku velisa

Namhlanje, ininzi yensimbi iveliswa ngeendlela eziphambili ze-oxygen (eyaziwa ngokuba yi-oksijeni ye-oxygen steelmaking okanye i-BOS). I-BOS ifumana igama layo kwinkqubo efuna i-oksijini ukuba iqhutywe kwiinqanawa ezinkulu ezinesinyithi ezincibilikiweyo kunye nesitrasi.

Nangona i-BOS ibandakanya isabelo esikhulu somveliso wensimbi yehlabathi, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-arc zombane (EAF) kuye kwanda ukususela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwaye ngoku ilandele i-third-third of all production production.

Bakala

Ngokutsho kwe-World Steel Association, kukho amabakala angaphezu kwama-3,500 ensimbi , equka iimpawu ezizodwa zemvelo, iikhemikhali kunye nezendalo. Usenokuzibuza ukuba ingaba njani amanqaku ahlukeneyo ensimbi xa isinyithi senziwa kuphela ngentsimbi kunye nekhabhoni.

Kungenxa yokuba, inani lekhabhoni, kunye nezinga lokungahlambuluki kunye nezinto ezongezelelweyo zokudibanisa, zichonga iipropati zecandelo ngalinye lesimbi, kwaye ezo zidibeneyo zifikelela kwinani eliphezulu kakhulu. Insimbi yentengiso ngokubanzi ihlelwa ngamaqela amane kuxhomekeke kwimixholo ye- alloy yensimbi kunye nezicelo zokugqibela:

1. I-Carbon Steels (equka i-carbon ephantsi, i-carbon carbon, kunye ne-high carbon steels)
2. Iinqwelo zeAlloy (ezibandakanya izinyithi eziqhelekileyo zeseyili njenge- manganese , i- silicon , i- nickel kunye ne- chromium )
3. Izitishi ezingenasici (eziqulethe malunga neepesenti ezili-10 ze-chromium kwaye zihlelwe njenge-austenitic, ferritic, kunye ne-martensitic)
4. Isixhobo soTywala (eziphi na iziteli ezidibene nokushisa okuphezulu kunye nezinyithi ezinzima, ezifana ne- molybdenum kunye ne- tungsten )

I-Steel inezintlu ezahlukeneyo ze-alloy, ezivumela ukuba zibe nezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo.

Iipropati

Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zensimbi ziveliswa ngokwezakhiwo ezifunekayo kwisicelo sabo, kwaye iisetyenzisi ezahlukeneyo zetyenziselwa ukwahlula izithatha ezisekelwe kule mimpahla , ezibandakanya ukuxinwa, ukunyaniseka, i-melting point, ukuqhuba umthambo, amandla, nobunzima (phakathi kwabanye). Ukwenza amashishini ahlukeneyo, abavelisi bahluke uhlobo kunye nenani lezinyithi ze-alloy, inkqubo yokuvelisa, kunye nendlela abaphathi abasebenza ngayo ukuvelisa iimveliso ezithile.

Ngokwe-American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), amaxabiso angabelana ngokubanzi ngamacandelo amane ngokusetyenziswe kwamakhemikhali awo:

1. ICarbon Steels
2. Iitoli zeAlloy
3. Izitya ezingenanto
4. Izixhobo zeTshayeli

Izicelo

Iimpawu zensimbi eziye zenza ukuba zisetyenziswe kakhulu kunye nezinto ezininzi zetsimbi ezisemhlabeni. Ukusuka kwii-steels eziphezulu zokushisa kwizinto eziphathekayo zekhabhoni, iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zensimbi kunye ne-alloys zinika iipropati ezahlukeneyo ukuhlangabezana nezicelo ezininzi. Ngenxa yezi zizathu, kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwesinyithi samandla aphakamileyo kunye neendleko zokuvelisa ngokuphantsi, izicelo ze-Steel zenza isinyithi esinokoqobo kunye nobugcisa obusetyenziswe namhlanje kwimveliso engenammiselo.