Imveliso yensimbi iquka ukususa i-carbon kwiitoni
Ngokutsho kwe-World Steel Association, ezinye zezona zizwe zininzi zityalo zensimbi yi-China, Japan, US, naseIndiya. I-China ilandisa malunga nama-50 ekhulwini yalo mveliso.
Abakhiqizi bezityalo ezinkulu kakhulu behlabathi baquka iArcelorMittal, iHebei Steel Group, iBaosteel, iPOSCO kunye neNippon Steel.
Inkqubo yeNkqubo yeNsimbi yeManje
Izindlela zokuvelisa isinyithi ziye zavela ngokubalulekileyo njengoko ukuveliswa kwemveliso kwathatha ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Izindlela zamanje, nangona kunjalo, zisekelwe kwisiseko esifanayo njengeNkqubo yeBasesemer yasekuqaleni, esebenzisa i-oksijeni ukunciphisa umxholo wekhabhoni ngensimbi.
Namhlanje, imveliso yensimbi isebenzisa izinto eziphinda zenziwe ngokutsha kunye nezinto eziqhelekileyo zendalo, njenge-iron ore, amalahle kunye ne-limestone. Iinkqubo ezimbini, i-oksijeni ye-oxygen steelmaking (BOS) kunye nezixhobo ze-arc zombane (EAF), khawunti malunga nayo yonke imveliso yensimbi.
Ukwenziwa kwe-steelmaking yanamhlanje kungaphulwa kumanyathelo amathandathu:
Ukufakela nge-iron, eyona nyathelo lokuqala, kubandakanywa iziphumo eziluhlaza ze-iron ore, i-coke, kunye ne-lime eyancibilika kwi-furnace. Isinyithi esineqhotyoshelweyo, esabizwa njengetsimbi eshushu, iqulethe i-4 ukuya kwi-4.5 yeepesenti ze-carbon kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo ezenza kube nzima.
I-steelmaking yaseprayimari ineendlela ezimbini eziphambili: i-BOS (Isiseko se-Oxygen Furnace) kunye ne-EAF (i-Electric Arc Furnace) zamanje.
Iindlela ze-BOS zongeza i-steel scrap ephindaphindiweyo kwisitye esityhidiweyo kwi-converter.
Kwiqondo eliphezulu, i-oksijeni iyavuthwa ngetsimbi, eyanciphisa umxholo wekhabhoni phakathi kwama-0 no-1.5 ekhulwini. Iindlela ze-EAF, nangona kunjalo, isondlo esilungiswayo kwisitrasi zensimbi ngokusebenzisa i-arch power power arcs (ukushisa ukuya kwi-1650 C) ukuncibilikisa isinyithi kwaye uyiguqule kwi-steel high quality.
Ukwenziwa kwesikhombi seSondari kubandakanya ukuphatha insimbi etyhidiweyo eveliswe kwiindlela ezimbini ze-BOS kunye ne-EAF ukulungisa utshintsho lwesimbi. Oku kwenziwa ngokudibanisa okanye ukususa izinto ezithile kunye / okanye ukuxhaphaza iqondo lokushisa kunye nemveliso. Ngokuxhomekeke kwiintlobo zesinyithi ezifunekayo, iinkqubo ezilandelayo zesebe zetekisi zingasetyenziswa:
- Ekhuthazayo
- Isithando somlilo
- Ijoyi e
- Ukugqithisa
- I-CAS-OB (uhlengahlengiso olulungeleleneyo nge-argon etywilisiweyo eqhubhisa umoya-mpilo)
Ukugxotha okuqhubekayo kubona insimbi etyhidiweyo eyenziwe kwisibumba esikhuphekileyo esibangela igobolondo lensimbi elincinci ukuze liqiniswe. Umbhobho wegobolondo uhoxiswa usebenzisa imiqulu ekhokelweyo kwaye ucolile ngokupheleleyo kwaye uqiniswe. Umgca unqunywe kwiindawo ezifunayo ngokuxhomekeka kwisicelo; ama-slabs yeemveliso eziplani (iplati kunye nomqhawulo), iiblulo zamacandelo (imitha), iibhentshini zeemveliso ezide (iingcingo), okanye iinqununu ezincinci.
Kwiziko eliphambili, insimbi ephosiweyo yenziwa ngobunjwa obuhlukahlukeneyo, ngokuqhelekileyo ngokutshisa okutshisa, inkqubo ephelisa iziphoso eziphosakeleyo kwaye iphumelele imo efunekayo kunye nomgangatho wendawo. Imveliso eqhotyoshelweyo edibeneyo yahlula imveliso ephathekayo, iimveliso ezide, iipatile ezingenamanzi kunye neemveliso ezizodwa.
Ekugqibeleni, lixesha lokuvelisa, ukuvelisa, nokugqiba.
Amasekondari okwakhiwa kwesiSeshoni anika isinyithi indlela yokugqibela kunye neepropati. Ezi zinto ziquka:
- Uhlobo (ukutshisa okubandayo)
- Ukupaka (ukumba)
- Ukudibana (welding)
- Ukugubungela (ukugada)
- Ukunyuka kwefuthe (ukucutha)
- Uphuhliso oluphezulu (carburizing)