Funda iMbali ukusuka kwi-Iron Age ukuya kwi-Fire Arc Furnaces
Kwiminyaka embalwa elandelayo emininzi, nangona kunjalo, umgangatho wentsimbi evelisiweyo iya kuxhomekeka kakhulu kwi-ore ekhoyo njengendlela yokuvelisa.
Ngenkulungwane ye-17, izakhiwo ze-iron zaqondwa kakuhle, kodwa ukwanda kwamadolophu eYurophu kwakudinga isinyithi esinezakhiwo ezinxulumeneyo.
Kwaye ngenkulungwane ye-19, ubuninzi bensimbi bugqitywa ngokunyusa imizila yesitimela kunikezelwa i-metallurgists kunye nefuthe lemali yokufumana isisombululo sokwakheka kwentsimbi kunye neenkqubo ezingenzi kakuhle zokuvelisa.
Noko ke, ngokuqinisekileyo, ukuqhubela phambili kwimbali yensimbi kwafika ngo-1856 xa uHenry Bessemer ephuhlisa indlela esebenzayo yokusebenzisa i-oksijini ukwenzela ukunciphisa intlabhoni yensimbi: Imveliso yensimbi yanamhlanje yazalwa.
I-Era yeNtsimbi
Kwiqondo lokushisa kakhulu, isinyithi siqala ukuthatha ikhabhoni, eyanciphisa inyibiliko yesitye, esiphumela kwisinyithi esinyithiweyo (2.5 ukuya ku-4.5% i-carbon). Ukuphuhliswa kweemveliso zomoya, ezisetyenziswe kuqala yiTshayina kwinkulungwane yesithupha ye-6 BC kodwa ixhaphake ngokubanzi eYurophu phakathi neMinyaka Ephakathi, kwandisa imveliso yensimbi yentsimbi.
Intsimbi yesinyithi yinyithi etyhidiweyo iphuma ngaphandle kwefayili kwaye ikhuhlile kwinqanawa ephezulu kunye nezibumba ezidibeneyo. Iindiza ezincinci, eziphambili kunye ezidibeneyo zifana ne-piglets kunye ne-piglets.
Isinyithi sobume siqine kodwa sinobunzima ngenxa yobomi bekhabhoni, okwenza kube ngaphantsi kokulungele ukusebenza nokubunjwa. Njengoko i-metallurgists yazi ukuba i-carbon ephezulu yintsimbi yayisisiseko seengxaki zobunzima, bazama iindlela ezintsha zokunciphisa umxholo wekhabhoni ukwenzela ukuba isinyithi sisebenziseke ngakumbi.
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, abakhi bezonsimbi bafunda indlela yokuguqula i-pig yesimbi yengqungquthela kwi-low carbon-carbon content eyenza isinyithi ngokusebenzisa iifutha zokucoca (ezenziwe ngu-Henry Cort ngo-1784). Iifane ezitshatiweyo zensimbi ezityhidiweyo, ezafuneka ziqhutywe ngabakhweli zisebenzisa izixhobo ezide, ezenziwe nge-oar, ezivumela i-oksijini ukuba idibene kunye kwaye isuse i-carbon.
Njengoko ikhabhoni yekhabhoni iyancipha, i-iron melting point enyuka, ngoko ke iindidi zensimbi ziza kubutha kwiziko. Ezi zihlwele ziya kususwa kwaye zisebenze ngesando sokuthambisa nge-puddler ngaphambi kokuba zihanjiswe kwiimakhishithi okanye kwiilayili. Ngowe-1860, kwakukho izitya ezingaphezu kwama-3000 eBrithani, kodwa inkqubo yahlala ikhutshwe ngumsebenzi wayo kunye nokunyuka kwamafutha.
Enye yeendlela zokuqala zensimbi, i-blister steel, yaqalisa ukuveliswa eJamani nase-England ngekhulu le-17 kwaye yaveliswa ngokwandisa umxholo wekhabhoni kwi-pig ensimbi echongayo usebenzisa inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-cementation. Kule nkqubo, imivalo yesinyithi esenziwe yenziwe yenziwe ngamatye aphuhliweyo emabhokisini ngamatye kunye nomlilo.
Emva kwiveki, isinyithi iya kubamba i-carbon kwi-charcoal. Ukufudumala okuphinda kuphinda kwasasaza i-carbon ngokulinganayo kwaye umphumo, emva kokupholisa, kwakuyi-blister yensimbi. Umxholo ophezulu wekhabhoni wenza i-blister yensimbi inamandla kakhulu kunokuba ityebhe yensimbi, ivumele ukuba icinezele okanye idibene.
Imveliso yensimbi ye-Blister eqhubekile kwi-1740s xa i-clockmaker yesiNgisi uBenjun Huntsman ezama ukuhlakulela insimbi ephezulu yeemveliso zamanzi, ifunyenwe ukuba isinyithi iyakuncibilika kwiibumba ezidityanisiweyo kwaye ihlanjululwe ngokuchithwa okhethekileyo ukususa i-slag eyinkqubo yokumisa ngasemva. Isiphumo sasiyintlawulelo-okanye yenziwe yintsimbi. Kodwa ngenxa yeendleko zemveliso, zombini i-blister kunye ne-cast iron yayisetyenziswe kuphela kwizicelo ezizodwa.
Ngenxa yoko, isinyithi esenziwe ngefowuni ye-puddling yahlala isiseko sensimbi ekwakhiqizeni iBrithani ngekhulu le-19 leminyaka.
Inkqubo yeBassemer kunye neNsimbi yokuThuthuza
Ukukhula koololiwe kwixesha le-19 leminyaka e-Yurophu naseMelika kubeka uxinzelelo olukhulu kwi-iron industry, eyayisenzima nemigaqo yokuvelisa.
Sekunjalo isinyithi sasingenakuvuthwa njengensimbi yesakhiwo kunye nemveliso yayicotha kwaye ibiza. Kwaye kwafika ngo-1856 xa uHenry Bessemer ekhuphuke ngendlela efanelekileyo yokwenza i-oxygen ibe yinyithi etyhidiweyo ukwenzela ukunciphisa umxholo wekhabhoni.
Ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba nguBasesemer Process, uBessemer wenzelwe i-pear-shaped receptacle-ekubhekiswa kuyo ngokuthi 'ukuguqulwa' -yiphi insimbi eyayinokufudumala ngelixa i-oksijeni ingavutyelwa ngentsimbi etyhidiweyo. Njengoko i-oksijini idluliselwe ngetsimbi etyhidiweyo, yayiza kuthathwa ngekhabhoni, ikhiphe i-carbon dioxide kwaye ivelise insimbi ethe tye.
Le nkqubo yayikukhawuleza kwaye ingabizi, ukususa i-carbon kunye ne- silicon kwintsimbi kwimizuzu embalwa kodwa iphumelele kakhulu. Uninzi lwekhabhoni lwasuswa kwaye i-oksijini eninzi yahlala kwimveliso yokugqibela. Bessemer ekugqibeleni wayefanele ahlawule abatyala-mali bakhe ade afumane indlela yokwandisa umxholo wekhabhoni kunye nokususa i-oksijini engafunekiyo.
Ngeli xesha, i-metallurgist yaseBrithani uRobert Mushet yazuza kwaye yaqalisa ukuvavanya isakhi sensimbi, i-carbon, kunye ne- manganese- eyaziwa njenge- speigeleisen . I-Manganese yaziwa ngokuba isusa i-oksijini kwisitye esityhidiweyo kunye nekhabhoni yekhabhoni kwi-speigeleisen, xa idibene ngokufanelekileyo, yayiza kusisombululo kwiingxaki zeBessemer. UBesssemer waqala ukuyongeza kwinkqubo yakhe yokuguquka ngempumelelo enkulu.
Sekunjalo, enye ingxaki ihleli. UBesssemer wayehlulekile ukufumana indlela yokususa i-phosphorus-ukungcola okwenzakalayo okwenza intsimbi ibe yintsimbi-ukususela kwimveliso yakhe yokuphela. Ngenxa yoko, kuphela i-phosphorus-free ore evela eSweden naseWales.
Ngowe-1876 uWallowman uSidney Gilchrist Thomas waphuma nesisombululo ngokungongeza imveliso ye-flux-calestone-eya kwinkqubo yeBessemer. I-limestone yenza i-phosphorus kwi-ingulube yensimbi ibe yi-slag, evumela ukuba into efunekiyo isuswe.
Oku kwintsingiselo kuthetha ukuba, ekugqibeleni, i-iron ore ukusuka naphina kwihlabathi ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza insimbi. Akumangalisi ukuba iindleko zemveliso zensimbi zaqala ukuhla kakhulu. Ixabiso lentsimbi yesitya liye lahla ngaphezu kwama-80% phakathi kwe-1867 no-1884, ngenxa yeendlela ezintsha zokuvelisa izitye, ukuqala ukukhula kwe-industry ye-steel steel.
Inkqubo Yentliziyo Evulekileyo
Kwiminyaka ye-1860, injineli yaseJalimane uKarl Wilhelm Siemens yaqhubela phambili ukuphucula imveliso yensimbi ngokudala indalo yokuvula. Inkqubo evulekileyo yokuvelisa insimbi yenziwe ngensimbi kwihagu yentsimbi kwiindawo ezinzulu ezingenanto.
Ukusebenzisa amaqondo okushisa aphezulu ukuba atshise i-carbon nakwezinye izinto ezingcolileyo, inkqubo ixhomekeke kwiinkampani zetena eziqingqiweyo ezingaphantsi kwendlu. Iimveliso ezivuselela emva koko zisebenzise iindleko zokukhupha ezithandweni ukuze zigcine ukushisa okuphezulu kwiizitena ezingezantsi.
Le ndlela ivunyelwe ukuveliswa kwamanani amaninzi (i-50-100 itoni yeetoni ingaveliswa kwisithandweni esisodwa), ukuvavanywa ngezihlandlo zensimbi encibilikisiweyo ukwenzela ukuba inokudibana nokudibanisa iinkcukacha ezithile kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-steel scrap njengento ebonakalayo . Nangona le nkqubo ngokwayo yayicotha kakhulu, ngowe-1900 inkqubo yokuvulwa kwendawo yokuvulwa yayiphendule kakhulu inkqubo yeBessemer.
Ukuzalwa kweShishini leShishino
Iinguqulelo kwimveliso yensimbi eyabonelela ngempahla engaphantsi, imveliso ephezulu, yabonwa ngabaninzi abashishini bolu suku njengethuba lokutshala imali. Iingxowa-mali zakudala ngasekupheleni kwe-19 leminyaka, kuquka uAndrew Carnegie noCharles Schwab, batyala imali kwaye benza izigidi (kwiibhiliyoni kwimeko yeCarnegie) kwishishini lensimbi. I-Carnegie yase-US Steel Corporation, eyasungulwa ngo-1901, yayiyinkampani yokuqala eyayike yaqalisa ukuxabisa ngaphezu kweerandi ezigidi ezigidi.
I-Arc Arc Furnace Steelmaking
Emva nje kokubuya kwekhulu, enye intuthuko eyenzekayo eya kuba nempembelelo enamandla kwimveliso yensimbi. Isithando somlilo se-arc sika-Paul Heroult (EAF) senzelwe ukugqithisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kagesi ngokusebenzisa izinto ezihlawulisiweyo, okubangela ukukhutshwa kwamanzi kunye namaqondo okushisa ukuya kuma-3272 ° F (1800 ° C), ngaphezu kokwanela ukutshisa imveliso yensimbi.
Ekuqaleni esetyenziselwa izakhelo ezizodwa, ii-EAF zakhula zisetyenziswa kwaye, yiMfazwe Yehlabathi II, zazisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwama-alloys ensimbi. Iindleko eziphantsi zotyalo-mali ezibandakanyeka ekumiseni iigqeba ze-EAF zabenza bakwazi ukukhuphisana nabalimi be-US abafana ne-US Steel Corp kunye neBhetelehem Steel, ngokukodwa kwi-carbon steels, okanye kwimveliso ende.
Ngenxa yokuba ii-EAF ziyakwazi ukuvelisa i-steel kusuka kwi-100% ye-scrap-or fir-feed-feed, ubuncinane bamandla kwiyunithi yokuvelisa kuyadingeka. Ngokuchasene neentsholongwane ziseko ze-oksijeni, imisebenzi ingasimiswa kwaye iqaliswe ngeendleko ezincinci ezinxulumene nazo. Ngenxa yezi zizathu, ukuveliswa nge-EAF kuye kwanda ngokunyuka kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-50 kwaye ngoku i-33% yemveliso yentsimbi yehlabathi.
Oxygen Steelmaking
Ubuninzi bemveliso yensimbi yehlabathi-malunga ne-66%-ngoku iveliswe kwizibonelelo ziseko ze-oxygen. Ukuphuhliswa kwendlela yokwahlula i-oksijeni kwi-nitrogen kwizinga lemveliso kuma-1960s avunyelwe ukuqhubela phambili ekuphuhliseni i-oksijini yefowuni.
Izitshixo ezisisiseko ze-oksijini zitshisa i-oksijini zibe zikhulu zensimbi ecikiweyo kunye nensimbi yecrafti kwaye ingawuzalisa imali ngokukhawuleza kuneendlela ezivulekileyo. Iinqanawa ezinkulu eziphethe iitoni ezingama-350 zetsimbi zingagqiba ukuguqulwa kwintsimbi kwisithuba esingaphantsi kweyure.
Iindleko zokusebenza kwe-oxygen steelmaking zenza amafektri avulekileyo avulekileyo kwaye, emva kokuza kwe-oxygen steelmaking kwiminyaka yama-1960, imisebenzi yokuvulwa kwemvula yaqala ukuvala. Indawo yokugqibela evulekileyo e-US ivaliwe ngo-1992 kunye ne-China ngo-2001.
Imithombo:
I-Spoerl, uJoseph S. Imbali emfutshane ye-Iron ne-Steel Production. College of Saint Anselm.
World World Association. www.steeluniversity.org
Street Street, Arthur. Kunye no-Alexander, WO-1944. Amanzi kwiNkonzo yoMntu . Udidi lwe-11 (1998).