I-Manganese iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo ekuvelweni kwensimbi . Nangona ihlelwe njengetsimbi encinci, ubuninzi bee-manganese eziveliswa emhlabeni wonke unyaka emva kweyesinyithi , i- aluminium , ithusi kunye ne- zinc .
Iipropati:
- I-Atomic Symbol: Mn
- Inomic Number: 25
- Udidi lwe-Element: iTransition Metal
- Ubunzima: 7.21 g / cm³
- I-Melting Point: 2274.8 ° F (1246 ° C)
- Indawo yokubilisa: 3741.8 ° F (2061 ° C)
- I-Mohs Ubunzima: 6
Iimpawu:
I-Manganese yinto enobunzima kakhulu kwaye ibunzima, isinyithi-grey.
Okweshumi elinesibini kuninzi ehlabathini, i-manganese ikwandisa amandla, ubunzima kunye nokuxhatshazwa xa kuthengiswa kwintsimbi.
Amandla kaManganese akwazi ukudibanisa kunye nesulfure kunye ne-oksijeni, eyenza kubaluleke kakhulu kwimveliso yensimbi. Ukukhwabanisa kweManganese ukuxhamla ukunceda ukususa ukungcola kwe-oksijini, ngelixa kuphucula ukusetyenziswa kwesimbi kwiqondo eliphezulu ngokudibanisa nesulfure ukwenza i-sulfide ephezulu.
Imbali:
Ukusetyenziswa kwamacandelo e-manganese kuhamba emva kweminyaka eyi-17,000. Imizobo yamandulo yasemaphandleni, kuquka abo baseLascaux France, bafumana umbala wabo kwi-manganese dioxide. I-Manganese yensimbi, nangona kunjalo, yayingabikho kwadalelwa ngo-1774 nguJohan Gottlieb Gahn, iminyaka emithathu emva kokuba umlingane wakhe uCarl Wilhelm Scheele wayeyifumene njengento ekhethekileyo.
Mhlawumbi intuthuko enkulu yamanganese yafika phantse kwiminyaka eyi-100 kamva xa, ngowe-1860, uSir Henry Bessemer, ethatha isiluleko sikaRobert Forester Mushet, wongezelela i-manganese kwinkqubo yakhe yokuvelisa insimbi ukususa isulfure ne-oxygen.
Yandisa ukonakala komkhiqizo ogqityiweyo, ukuvumela ukuba ugqitywe kwaye ugqitywe kumaqondo aphezulu.
Ngowe-1882, uSir Robert Hadfield wayesebenzisa i-manganese nge-carbon steel, ekhiqiza i- alloy steel alloy yokuqala, eyaziwa ngokuba ngu-Hadfield iron.
U ku velisa:
I-Manganese ngokuyinhloko iveliswa kwi-pyrolusite yamaminerali (MnO 2 ), leyo, ngokwemyinge, iqukethe ama-manganese angama-50%.
Ukusetyenziswa kwishishini lensimbi, i-manganese iqhutywe kwi-alloys zetsimbi ezinomsila we-silicomanganese kunye ne-ferromanganese. Ngokwe-International Manganese Institute, i-11.7 yezigidi zeetrikiti zeelwane zama-manganese zenziwe ngo-2009. Kule nto, i-silicomanganese ibe neetoni ezi-7.4 zezigidi zeetrikri, kunye ne-ferromanganese ibe ne-4.3 yezigidi zeetrikri.
I-Ferromanganese, equle i-74-82% ye-manganese, iveliswa kwaye ihlelwe njengekhabhoni ephezulu (> 1.5% i-carbon), i-carbon kabini (1.0-1.5% i-carbon) okanye i-carbon carbon (<1% i-carbon). Zonke ezi zintathu zenziwa ngokufumba kwe-manganese dioxide, i-oxide yensimbi kunye namalahle (i-coke) ekuqhubheni okanye, ngokuqhelekileyo, isithando somlilo se-arc. Ubushushu obushushu obubonelelwa ngumlilo lukhokelela ekunciphiseni i-carbothermal yezithako ezintathu, okubangele i-ferromanganese.
I-silicomanganese, equle i-65-68% ye- silicon , i-14-21% ye-manganese kunye ne-2% ye-carbon ekhishwe kwi-slag eyenziwa ngexesha lokuveliswa kwe-carbon ferromanganese okanye ngqo kwi-manganese ore. Ngokufumba i-manganese i-ore ne-coke ne-quartz kumaqondo aphezulu kakhulu, i-oksijini isuswa xa i-quartz iguqulela kwi-silicon, ishiya i-silicomanganese.
I-manganese ye-Electrolytic, enobugqi phakathi kuka-93-98%, yenziwa ngumhlaba we-manganese ore ne-sulfuric acid.
I-Ammonia kunye ne-hydrogen sulfide zisetyenziselwa ukunqanda ukungcola okungafunekiyo, kuquka nentsimbi, i-aluminium, i-arsenic, i-zinc, i- lead , i- cobalt kunye ne- molybdenum . Isisombululo esicocekileyo sisondliwa kwisisele se-electrolytic kwaye ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yokwenza i-electrowinning yakha uluhlu oluncinci lwesinyithi se-manganese kwi-cathode.
I-China iyona mveliso mkhulu wee-manganese ore, i-22% ye-manganese ichithwe ngo-2009 kunye nomlimi omkhulu kwizinto zokuncedisa i-manganese (oko kukuthi i-ferromanganese, i-silicomanganese kunye ne-electrolytic manganese). Ngo-2009, i-China ivelise i-6.6 yezigidi zamathani ezi-metric ze-manganese alloys, malunga ne-57% yemveliso yomhlaba wonke, equka i-64% yomveliso we-ferromanganese emhlabeni jikelele kunye no-95% wemveliso ye-mangrose ye-electrolytic.
Izicelo:
Phantse iipesenti ezingama-90 zonke ii-manganese ezidliwe kunyaka ngamnye zisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwensimbi .
Ingxenye yesithathu yale nto isetyenziswe njenge-deulpherizer kunye ne-de-oxidizer, kunye nexabiso elisele lisetyenziswe njenge-agent agent.
Imithombo:
I-International Manganese Institute. www.manganese.org
World World Association. http://www.worldsteel.org
ENewton, uJoseph. Isingeniso seMetallurgy. Uluhlu lwe sibini. ENew York, uJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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