Iimakethe ezithwala i-Stock Market
Iimarike zomhlaba wonke zinamaqela amabini. Iyokuqala iMarike ye-interbank. Yilapho iindawo ezinkulu zeebhanki zokutshintshanisa. Nangona kunamalungu ambalwa kuphela, uqeqesho lukhulu kakhulu.
Ngenxa yoko, ithetha ixabiso lemali.
Umgca wesibini ngumakethi ophezulu. Yiyo apho kunye nabantu ngabanye bathengisa. I-OTC iye yathandwa gqitha kuba kukho iinkampani ezininzi ezinika iiplani zokurhweba kwi-intanethi. Ngaphezulu, funda nge- Forex Trading .
Ukuthengiswa kwamashishini angaphandle kwamanye amazwe kuyimvumelwano phakathi kwamaqela amabini. Kukho iintlobo ezintathu zentengiso. Imarike yembonakalo yintengo yemali ngelixa lezorhwebo. Iimarike ezithengisa phambili zivumelwano sokutshintshiselana kwemali ngexabiso elivunyelwene ngalo ngomhla ozayo. Uhwebo lokutshintsha luquka zombini. Abathengisi bathenga imali kwiimarike kwindawo (kwinqanaba lamanje) kwaye bathengise umlinganiselo ofanayo kwikharityhulam phambili. Ngale ndlela, baye baqeda ingozi kwixesha elizayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba ilahle kangakanani imali, abayi kulahlekelwa ngaphezu kwexabiso eliphambili. Okwangoku, banokutshala imali abayithengileyo kwi-marketplace.
I-Interbank Market
Imarike ye-interbank yintanethi yeebhanki ezithengisa iimali zemali.
Ngamnye unederekhi yokurhweba ngemali ebizwa ngokuba yidesi yokusebenzisana. Badibene nomnye nomnye ngokuqhubekayo. Le nkqubo inokuqinisekisa ukuba izinga lokutshintshaniswa lifana nomhlaba jikelele.
Ubuncinane bokurhweba enye yezigidi zemali ezithengiswayo. Uninzi lwemisebenzi lukhulu kakhulu, phakathi kwezigidi ezili-10 ukuya kwii-100 ezixabisekileyo.
Ngenxa yoko, ixabiso lokutshintshiselwa lilawulwa yimarike ye-interbank.
Imarike ye-interbank ibandakanya imisebenzi emithathu ekhankanywe ngasentla. Iibhanki nazo zibandakanya kwi-market ye-SWIFT. Ibenza bakwazi ukutshintshiselana kwamanye amazwe. I-SWIFT imele uMbutho we-World-Wide Interbank Financial Telecommunications.
Ibhanki zorhwebo ukudala inzuzo ngokwabo kunye nabaxhasi babo. Xa bezithengisa ngokwabo, kubizwa ngokuba yoshishino lokuthengisa. Abathengi babo baquka oorhulumente, iimali zengxowa-mali, iinkukhu ezinkulu, i-hedge funds kunye nabantu abacebileyo. (Umthombo: "Indlela yokuSebenza kweZebhanki - i-Interbank kunye ne-Forex," iFX Street.)
Apha abadlali abalishumi elinantlanu baninzi kwiimarike zerhwebo lwangaphandle.
| IBhanki | 2015 Yabelana ngeNkqutyana yeMakethe |
|---|---|
| Citi | 16.11% |
| Deutsche Bank | 14.54% |
| Barclays | 8.11% |
| JP Morgan Chase | 7.65% |
| UBS | 7.30% |
| Bank of America | 6.22% |
| HSBC | 5.40% |
| BNP Paribas | 3.65% |
| Goldman Sachs | 3.40% |
| RBS | 3.38% |
| Societe Generale | 2.43% |
| I-Chartered Standard | 2.40% |
| UMorgan Stanly | 1.97% |
| Credit Suisse | 1.66% |
| Street Street | 1.55% |
(Umthombo: "Uvavanyo lwe-FX 2015," u-Euromoney.)
Ukunyanzelisa
Ngo-2014, iCitigroup, i-Barclays, i-JPMorgan Chase kunye ne-Royal Bank yaseSkotland inetyala lokuphathwa ngokungekho mthethweni kwexabiso lemali. Nantsi indlela abayenzayo ngayo.
Abahwebi kwiibhanki babeza kubambisana kwiindawo zokuxoxa kwi-intanethi.
Omnye umthengisi uya kuvuma ukwakha isikhundla esikhulu ngemali, uze uyikhulule ngomhla we-4 ngomzuzu weLondon Ngosuku ngalunye. Yilapho ixabiso le-WM / Reuters lilungisa. Le xabiso isekelwe kuwo onke amashishini athathwe ngomzuzu omnye. Ngokuthengisa imali ngexesha leminithi, umthengisi anganciphisa intengo yokulungisa. Yilona xabiso elisetyenziselwa ukubala iibhenkmark kwiingxowa-mali. Abahwebi kwezinye iibhanki baya kuzuza ngenxa yokuba beyazi ukuba intlawulo yokulungisa iya kuba yintoni.
Aba bathengisi baphinde baxoxe nabathengi babo malunga namaxabiso emali. Omnye umthengisi weBarclays wachaza ngokuthi "ixabiso elibi kunazo zonke endingayifaka kulo, apho isigqibo somthengi sokuthengisa kunye nam okanye sinike ibhizinisi elizayo alitshintshi." (Umthombo: "I-Forex Fix," i-Financial Times, ngoNovemba 12, 2014. "Ukuguqulwa kwamaMakethi okuTshintshiselana kwamanye amazwe kwenza amaFelons aBhanki aphezulu," i-New York Times, ngoMeyi 20, 2015.)
Market Market
I-Chicago Mercantile Exchange yaba ngowokuqala ukubonelela ngemali yorhwebo. Yayisungula iMarike yeMali yamazwe ngamazwe ngo-1971. Ezinye iiplani zokuthengisa ziquka i-OANDA, i-Forex Capital Markets, LLC kunye ne-Forex.com.
Imarike yokuthengisa inabathengisi abangaphezu kweMarike ye-Interbank. Kodwa inani elipheleleyo lemali lidayiswa liphantsi. Imarike yokuthengisa ayithinteli izinga lokutshintshiselana kakhulu. (Umthombo: " I-Market Exchange Market ," uMartin Boileau, iYunivesithi yaseColorado.)
Mabhanki a phakathi
Iibhanki eziMbindi aziqhelekanga ngokurhweba iimali kwiimarike zerhwebo lwangaphandle. Kodwa banempembelelo enkulu. Iibhanki eziMbindi ziphethe iibhiliyoni kwiindawo zokuthengwa kwamanye amazwe . IJapan ithatha i-$ 1.2 trillion, ngokuyininzi kwiidola zase-US . Iinkampani zaseJapan zifumana idola ngokuhlawulwa kwezinto zangaphandle. Batshintshela i-yen ukuhlawula abasebenzi babo.
IJapan, njengezinye iibhanki eziphambili, zinokuthengisa i- yen ngeedola kwimarike yangaphambili xa ifuna ukuba ixabiso liwe. Oko kwenza amazwe aseJapane angaphandle angabizi. IJapan ikhetha ukusebenzisa iindlela ezingasetyenzisiweyo nangona kunjalo, njengokuphakamisa okanye ukunciphisa izinga lomdla elichaphazela ixabiso lenani. (Umthombo: "Abadlali abaPhambili kwiMakethe ye-Forex," iFXStreet.com.)
Ngokomzekelo, i-Federal Reserve yamemezela ukuba iya kunyusa izinga lentengo ngo-2014. Le nto yathumela ixabiso leedola ngokuphakama kweepesenti ezili-15, ukwenza i- bubble assets .
Imbali
Kwiminyaka engama-300 eyadlulayo, kuye kubekho uhlobo lweemarike zerhwebo lwangaphandle. Kwimbali yamanzi yase-US, abahwebi beemali kuphela beemibutho ezizwe ngamazwe ayenze ishishini kumazwe amaninzi. Basebenzisa iimakethi zangaphambili ukuze bahlasele i-currencies yabo. Kungenxa yokuba idoli yase-US ichongiwe kwixabiso legolide . Ngaphezulu, khangela iMbali Yexabiso leGolide .
Imarike yokutshintshiselana kwamanye amazwe ayizange ithathele kude kube ngo-1973. Ngaloo ndlela uMongameli uNixon wavula ngokupheleleyo ixabiso ledola kwixabiso lentsimbi. Umgangatho obizwa ngokuba ngumgangatho wegolide wagcinwa idola kwixabiso elizinzileyo le 1/35 yeyunithi yegolide. Ngaphezulu, yibona iMbali yeGold Standard .
Kanye i Nixon isusa umgangatho wegolide, ixabiso leli dola likhawuleza. Isalathisi se dollar sisungulwe ukwenzela ukuba iinkampani zikwazi ukubeka ingozi kulo mngcipheko. Omnye wadala i-US Dollar Index ukuze abanike iqonga lokuthengisa. Kungekudala, iibhanki, i-hedge funds kunye nabathengisi abathile abazibandakanyekayo bangena kwimarike. Baye banomdla wokutshutshisa inzuzo kunokuba bafumane ingozi.