Indlela iNixon eyonakalisa ngayo iDola
Kodwa ezo ziganeko ezipapashwe kakuhle zibonisa indlela iNixon eyayitshatyalalisa ngayo uqoqosho lwe-US.
Ukuze aphilise ukunyuka kwamaxabiso amancinci , wamisela ukulawulwa kwemali emonakalo. Oko kwadlula umnotho waseMelika wezoqoqosho . Okubi nakakhulu, wagqiba umgangatho wegolide obophe ixabiso ledoli kwigolide.
Le ntshukumo yakha iminyaka elishumi ye- stagflation . Kwakuphela nje ukuphiliswa ngamazinga omdla wamanani aphindwe kabili, okubangelwa ukunciphisa umnotho we-1981. Ukuphela komgangatho wegolide kuvunyelwe urhulumente wase-US ukunyathelisa iidola ukulungisa zonke iintlekele zoqoqosho. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba ixabiso layo liza kuhla ngonaphakade.
Kwenzeke njani loo nto? Ngo-1968, ukuchitha imali kukaMongameli uJohnson kwiVietnam yaseVietnam kunye neMbutho Omkhulu kwandisa ukukhula koqoqosho ukuya kuma-4.9 ekhulwini. Kodwa ke yathumela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kumaphesenti angama-4.7. Njengoko amaMerika aphumelela, angenisa iimpahla ezininzi, ahlawule ngeedola. Eyadala i- balance balance of payments .
Ubuninzi beerola bungozi umgangatho wegolide. Yilapho i-Federal Reserve ihlenga i-$ 35 ngeyunithi yegolide. Amazwe angaphandle ahlala kwi-dollar ezingama-45.7 zamaRandi, ngelixa i-US
kuphela i-$ 14.5 yezigidi zegolide. Kwakungekho ngokwaneleyo ukuyikhulula bonke. Abanikazi bamazwe angaphandle bajike iidola zabo ngegolide, bachithe iindawo zeenqwelo zegolide eziphambili. Ukwenza i dollar ibe yinto enqwenelekayo yokubamba, i-Federal Reserve iphakanyise amaxabiso enzala kuma-6 ekhulwini.
Kodwa ukugijima kwegolide kuqhubeka.
Yandisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ukuya kuma-6.2 ekhulwini ngo-1969, unyaka wokuqala ka-Nixon e-ofisi. I-Fed ikhusele umgangatho wegolide ngokunyusa amaxabiso ukuya kuma-9.19 ekhulwini. Ngelishwa, kwadala uqoqosho oluncinane oluqalise kamva ngaloo nyaka. Ekupheleni kowe-1970, izinga lokungabikho kwemisebenzi liye lafikelela kuma-6.1 ekhulwini.
Ugxininiso lukaNixon kwiNyulo -Nyulo yatshintsha ihlabathi ngonaphakade
Ngokukhethwa kwakhe kokhetho kwakhona, i-Nixon yahlasela lo hlobo olunomgangatho wokunyuka kwamaxabiso nokungasebenzi. Wachaza "i- Nixon Shock " kule ngu-Agasti 15, 1971, intetho.
Ukuphumelela ngaphandle kwemfazwe kudinga inxaxheba kwimida emithathu: Kumele senze imisebenzi engcono kunye nemisebenzi engcono; kufuneka simise ukunyuka kweendleko zokuphila; Simele siyikhuphe idoli ekuhlaselweni kwabathengi bemali bamazwe ngamazwe.
Iinjongo ezifanelekileyo, kodwa izisombululo zaziphazamisekile. Okokuqala, uNixon wayala imihla engama-90 "... .freeze kuwo onke amanani kunye nomvuzo kulo lonke elaseUnited States." Wadala iKhomishoni yeBhodi yeNtlawulo kunye neKhomishoni yeeNtlawulo ukulawula ukwandiswa kude kube emva koonyulo luka-1972.
Umvuzo kunye nokulawulwa kwexabiso akusebenzi kwizoqoqosho zentengiso yamahhala . Kungenxa yokuba abasebenzi abakwazi ukuvuka, banika imali encinci yokuthenga izinto kunye neenkonzo. Abahlaselayo bafuna . Amashishini akakwazi ukuhlawula amanani ukukhulisa imfuno. Akunakukwazi ukuphakamisa amaxabiso, nangona iindleko zezinto zazo ezingeniswayo zanda.
Akunakunciphisa umvuzo, ngoko banciphisa ukuqeshwa kwaye ngoko kufuneka.
Okwesibini, uNixon wavala ifowuni yegolide. Lehlile ibhomu yezoqoqosho kubambisene ababesayine isivumelwano seBretton Woods emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwaphela kuyeka ukuhlawula iidola ngegolide. Ngamanye amazwi, iUnited States ayiyi kuphinda ihloniphe isivumelwano sayo sokuxhasa ixabiso le doladi ngomgangatho wegolide. Bona ividiyo yeentetho zikaNixon.
Okwesithathu, iNixon inikwe i-10 yeepesenti yokungenisa irhafu ukwenzela ukunciphisa ibhalansi yeentlawulo. Kwaphela kuphela ezine iinyanga. Yanyanzelisa amaqabane aseMelika ukuba athengise ixabiso legolide ukuya kuma-38 kwi-ounce. Kwakuyi-dollar ephezulu kuphela, kodwa nayo yathumela inani le dollar phantsi. Oko kwenza iimpahla ezingenayo zibiza kakhulu kwaye zadala ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Kwakhona kwonakalisa i-trust efunekayo kwi-yorhwebo yehlabathi.
Abazalwana bethu baqalisa ukushicilela ngaphezulu kwemali yabo kunye nokwandisa amazinga enzala ukwenzela ukukhulisa ixabiso lawo.
Izenzo zikaNixon zaye zaziwa ekhaya, zamenza ukuba anqobe ngo-1972. Wanqoba wonke amazwe kodwa eMassachusetts. Waqhubeka ekufezekiseni iimpumelelo zomgaqo-nkqubo welizwe langaphandle. Waya eBeijing, watyikitya iSivumelwano soLungiso lweArms Strategic, kwaye wagqiba iMfazwe yaseVietnam. Kodwa wahlwayelwa imbewu ye- stagflation .
I-Nixon Emva koko wadala i-1973-1975 Ukubuyisela
Ngowe-1973, i-Nixon yayixabisa idola ngaphezu koko, okwenza igolide ibe yi-$ 42. Njengoko idola liye lahlawula, abantu bathengisa i-greenbacks yabo ngegolide. Ngasekupheleni kwe-1973, uNixon wanciphisa idola ephuma kwigolide ngokupheleleyo. Iimarike zithumela ngokukhawuleza intengo yesitye esinqabileyo ukuya kuma-dollar ayi-120 nganye. Ixabiso lemali lalingamanani aphindwe kabini. Kwaphela umlando weminyaka eyi-100 yomgangatho wegolide .
Ukulawulwa kwamanani okuhlawulelwa kwemali kwakha ukunyuka kwemali ngoNovemba ka-1973. U-Nixon wabasusa ngo-Apreli 1974, kodwa umonakalo wenziwa. Kwakukho iikota ezintathu ezilandelelanayo zokukhula kweGDP okungalunganga:
- Q3 1974 (phantsi kwama-3.9 ekhulwini)
- Q4 1974 (phantsi kweepesenti eziyi-1.6)
- Q1 1975 (phantsi kwama-4.8 ekhulwini)
Ukungabikho kwemisebenzi kwathatha amaphesenti angama-9 ngo-Meyi 1975. Imithwalo yempahla yayinenkani phakathi kwama-10-12 ekhulwini ukususela ngoFebruwari 1974 ukuya ku-Epreli 1975. I- OPEC i- embargo yecala ngokubangela ukunyuka kwemali ngamanani ama-quadrupling. Kodwa uyabona ngoku ukuba igalelo lomlilo elililo, elililo liye lidlulileyo kwiimbali zokungena .
Ezinye iimpembelelo zezoqoqosho zeNixon
Ezinye izigqibo zakwaNixon zenze ukuba kubekho ixesha elide, nangona kungenjalo, kubangele impembelelo yezoqoqosho.
Imfundiso kaNixon. NgoJulayi 25, 1969, u-Nixon wathi i-US ngoku iya kulindela ukuba abambisene nabo bazinyamekele ngokwabo, kodwa babeza kunika inkxaso njengoko kuceliwe. Injongo yemfundiso yayiwukuba uphendule kwimibhikisho yokulwa nemfazwe kwaye ufumane i-United States ngaphandle kokulwa ngqo eVietnam. Kunoko, i-US iya kuqeqesha kunye neengalo zengingqi zengalo. Funda intetho apha.
Imfundiso yeNixon yayinefuthe elide elingapheliyo kwezoqoqosho. Yanikezela ukungenelela kuMbindi Mpuma. Ukukhuselwa ngaphandle kwe-oli ekunikezeni i-oyile ukuya kwi-Shah ye- Iran nase-Saudi Arabia. Phakathi kowe-1969-1979, iUnited States yathumela i-$ 26 yezigidi kwiingalo kumazwe amabini ukuze zikhusele ngokumelene ne- communism . Eli lungiselelo laqhubeka de iRashiya yahlasela i-Afghanistan ngo-1978 kwaye i-Shah yachithwa ngo-1979.
Imfundiso yabeka umgaqo weMfazwe e-Afghanistan kunye ne- Iraq War . Bongeza i-$ 1.5 trillion kwiTyala le-US . I-Nixon yongeza kuphela i-$ 121 yezigidi ezigidi ze-354 zeebhiliyoni zesizwe kwixesha lakhe kwi-ofisi. Kwakungekho irekhodi, xa kuthelekiswa netyala labanye abaongameli . Kodwa yakhe Imfundiso yenze igalelo layo elide kwinqanaba elibaluleke ngakumbi.
Watergate. Ngomnyaka we-1972, iKomiti yokuMisela kwakhona uMongameli igunyaze ikhefu. Kwakukho kwiofisi zeKomiti yeDemocratic National ekwakheni iofisi ye-Watergate. I-jury enkulu yamangalela iinqwelo eziyisixhenxe ze-Nixon. U-Nixon uzame ukuguqula uphando, okwenze ukuba afune ukutshutshisa.
Umtshutshisi okhethekileyo we-Watergate wafuna iithempu zomsindo zeengxoxo ezirekhodiweyo nguNixon kwi-Oval Office. U-Nixon wenqaba, wathi "ilungelo elilawulayo" lenza ukuba azikhusele. EUnited States v. Nixon , iNkundla Ephakamileyo yafumanisa ukuba iNixon ayinalo ilungelo, kulo mzekelo, ukuba unqabe ulwazi lokugcina uxhulumaniso oluyimfihlo. Kungenxa yokuba le nto yayingeyona into yokubambisana nezopolitiko kwaye ayizange ikhusele umdla wesizwe.
Esikhundleni sokuba singenakunyulwa kwi-Watergate, i-Nixon yashiya ngomhla ka-Agasti 8, 1974. Kodwa ukunyuka kwemali ayenayo akuzange kuphele ngo-1975 emva kokuba i-Fed iyanciphise amaxabiso enzala. Oku kushukumisela kuphela ukukhuthaza i-Nixon yokunyuka kwamaxabiso eyayidalile ngokuphelisa umgangatho wegolide.
Ukulwa nokunyuka kwamaxabiso, uSihlalo we- Federal Reserve uPaul Volcker wakhula ngokukhawuleza isantya semali esondayo kuma-20 ekhulwini . Ngelishwa, lo mgaqo-nkqubo wezemali ochasene nawo wabangela ukugqithisa okubi kunabo bonke ukususela kwiNkxwaleko enkulu. Kwaphela ngoJulayi 1981 ukuya kuNovemba ka-1982. Inani lezinga lokungabikho kwemisebenzi lalingama-10,8 ekhulwini, ephezulu kunoma yiphina imali. Yahlala ngaphezu kweepesenti ezili-10 malunga nonyaka.
I-Watergate yonakalisa ukuzithemba koluntu kuorhulumente, njengoko ilizwe liziva lithengiswa. Ngowe-1964, iipolisi zabonisa ukuba ama-75 ekhulwini aseMelika akholelwa ukuba amagosa akhethiweyo eWashington ayenokuthenjwa ukuba enze okulungileyo kwelizwe. Ngowe-1974, kuphela umntu wesithathu okholelwa njalo. Ukuntuleka kokholo kuorhulumente kwabangela ukhetho lukaRonald Reagan ngowe-1980. Lenza inkolelo yoluntu kwi -economics-down economy , leyo eyabangela ukwandisa ukungalingani koqoqosho .
Iminyaka Yokuqala YaseNixon
UNixon wazalwa eCalifornia ngowe-1913. Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala wawusebenza kwisitolo sokutya sikayise. Nangona kunjalo, wakhula ebuthathaka, kwaye abazalwana bakhe babulawa yisifo sofuba. U-Nixon waphumelela kwi-Whittier College kunye neDuke University School School. Wayengummeli wecala lobucala aze ajoyine iMavy kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II.
Waba yiCongressman ngo-1948. Ngo-Agasti, uNixon waletha igosa laseburhulumenteni beSebe lika-Alger Hiss kwisigxina sobungqina kwiKomiti ye-Un-American Activity Committee. Ikomiti yamangalela i-Hiss yokuba ngummeli waseSoviet waza wamgweba ngokugweba. Esi sigwebo sathatha i-Nixon kwinqanaba likazwelonke. Kwamnceda waba yi-Senator yaseCalifornia ngo-1950.
Ngowe-1952, uNixon waphika iindleko zokusetyenziswa kakubi kweemali zenkampu. Uthe isipho esisodwa esigcinayo siyinja yakhe yokuhlola. Waba nguNqununu-Mongameli phantsi koMongameli uEisenhower ngo-1956.
Ngo-Matshi 1960, ngelixa echasa uJohan F. Kennedy kuMongameli, u-Arthur Burns wamxwayisa ukuba uqoqosho luya kuncipha ngaphambi kokhetho lukaNovemba. Burns "wanxusa ngamandla ukuba yonke into enokwenzeka eyenziwe ukukhusela lo phuhliso. Uyacetyiswa ngokukhawuleza ukuba amanyathelo amabini athathwe ngokukhawuleza: ngokukhupha kwi-ngxowa-mboleko kwaye, apho kulungele khona, ngokunyusa inkcitho ngokukhuseleko lwesizwe. "U-Eisenhower akayi kusebenzisa umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali ukuchaphazela ukhetho ngaphandle kokuba kubekho ukukhwela kwemali. U-JFK wanqoba i-Nixon ngo-1960. U-Nixon uthe ukulahlekelwa kwakhe kukubangelwa kukungabikho kwemisebenzi enkulu, eya kuba yintloko yakhe.
Wawunqoba u-Vice-Mongameli uHubert Humphrey kunye no-George Wallace umviwa wesithathu, ukuba abe nguMongameli ngo-1969. Wabetha uGeorge McGovern ngowe-1973. (Umthombo: "URichard Nixon," iNdlu yeNdlu.)
UMongameli weNixon ngonyaka
| Unyaka | Impembelelo (Dec) | Ukungasebenzi (Dec) | Imali yeFund Fund (Dec) | GDP (Unyaka) | Iziganeko Ezichaphazela Ubuncwane |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1968 | 4.7% | 3.4% | 6.0% | 4.9% | Amaxabiso aphakanyisiweyo |
| 1969 | 6.2% | 3.5% | 9.0% | 3.1% | U-Nixon wathatha isikhundla |
| 1970 | 5.6% | 6.1% | 5.0% | 0.2% | Ukubuyisela |
| 1971 | 3.3% | 6.0% | 5.0% (3.5% ngoFebhu, 5.75% ngo-Aug) | 3.3% | Ulawulo lwexabiso lomvuzo |
| 1972 | 3.4% | 5.2% | 5.75% | 5.2% | Stagflation |
| 1973 | 8.7% | 4.9% | 11% | 5.6% | Umgangatho weGolide kunye neVietnam imfazwe iphelile |
| 1974 | 12.3% | 7.2% | 8% (13% ngoJulayi) | -0.5% | Ukubuyisela |
Ezinye iinkqubo zooMongameli zoQoqosho
- UDonald Trump (2017 - 2021)
- UBarack Obama (2009 - 2017)
- UGeorge W. Bush (2001 - 2009)
- UBill Clinton (1993 - 2001)
- URonald Reagan (ngo-1981 ukuya ku-1989)
- ULyndon B Johnson (1963 - 1969)
- UJohn F. Kennedy (ngo-1961 - 1963)
- UFranklin D. Roosevelt (1933 - 1945)
- Thelekisa iNixon kumaPresidenti aseRephablikhi Ukususela kwi-Warren Harding